Sodium cocoyl glutamate; Sodium cocoanutylglutamate cas no: 68187-32-6

cas no 29923-31-7 N-(1-Oxododecyl)-L-glicinic acid monosodium salt; N-Lauroyl-L-glicinic acid monosodium salt; Sodium N-dodecanoylglycinate; Sodium lauroyl glycinate; Monosodium N-lauroyl-L-glycinate;

SODIUM COCOYL GLYCINATE; N° CAS : 90387-74-9; Nom INCI : SODIUM COCOYL GLYCINATE; Nom chimique : Glycine, N-coco acyl derivs., sodium salts; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 291-350-5; Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI) est un tensioactif anionique solide et doux fabriqué à partir d'huile de noix de coco.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est vraiment polyvalent et bon, et est considéré comme naturel.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un ester de sel de sodium, ou un acide gras dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.

Numéro CAS: 61789-32-0
Formule moléculaire: C2Na6O47S20
Poids moléculaire: 1555.23182
Numéro EINECS: 263-052-5

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est utilisé pour créer des nettoyants solides et des nettoyants liquides opaques.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est un ingrédient naturel dérivé des noix de coco, en particulier de l'huile de noix de coco.

Le processus comprend le mélange d'un acide sulfonique naturel appelé acide iséthionique avec les acides gras naturellement présents dans l'huile de noix de coco.
Le mélange est ensuite chauffé pour éliminer l'eau supplémentaire ainsi que distillé pour éliminer les acides gras inutiles.

Tout comme l'huile de noix de coco, l'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium offre des propriétés incroyablement hydratantes, en particulier par rapport à d'autres tensioactifs ayant des propriétés nettoyantes et moussantes similaires.
Cet ingrédient puissant est commun dans de nombreux savons et nettoyants car il élimine efficacement la saleté et l'huile sans entraîner de sécheresse ou d'irritation.

L'isothionate de cocoyle de sodium est utilisé dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels comme surfactant et est souvent vu dans les produits de soins capillaires comme les shampooings en raison de sa capacité à aider l'eau à se mélanger avec l'huile et la saleté, ce qui leur permet d'être rincés plus facilement.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est également considéré comme un ingrédient dans une variété de savons et de produits de nettoyage.

En tant que tensioactif, le cocoyl isethionate de sodium crée une sensation humide, il solubilise les huiles et réduit la tension superficielle, et peut également aider à la mousse.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est un composé chimique couramment utilisé dans la formulation de produits de soins personnels et cosmétiques, en particulier dans les produits de soins de la peau, de soins capillaires et de bain.

L'isothéniate de cocoyle de sodium est un type de tensioactif, ce qui signifie qu'il a la capacité de réduire la tension superficielle des liquides et d'améliorer la tartinabilité des produits.
Cela le rend utile pour créer des propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes dans divers produits de soins personnels.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est généralement dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco, d'où la partie « cocoyl » de son nom.

Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium est un sel de sodium produit à partir d'huile de noix de coco.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un composé anionique et est également connu sous le nom d'isethionate de sodium.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est un substitut populaire aux sels de sodium d'origine animale, tels que le tallowate de sodium, qui provient des bovins et des moutons.

Cet ingrédient a des propriétés moussantes élevées, ce qui fait de l'isethionate de cocoyl sodique un ajout utile aux produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est également connu sous le nom de « mousse pour bébé » car il s'agit d'un tensioactif exceptionnellement doux.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est une fine poudre blanche qui a une odeur douce.

L'isothionate de cocoyle sodique est une combinaison d'un type d'acide sulfonique appelé acide iséthionique et d'un acide gras ou ester de sel de sodium dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.
Ce tensioactif est utilisé comme agent nettoyant dans de nombreux produits de soins de la peau, de soins capillaires et de nettoyage.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est connu pour être non allergique, non irritant et non toxique, donc utilisé dans une large gamme de produits de beauté et d'articles de toilette.

La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium est un tensioactif particulièrement doux dérivé de la noix de coco.
Les cocoylisethionates de sodium sont des composés organiques qui aident au mélange de liquides qui ne se mélangent pas habituellement, le plus évidemment l'huile et l'eau.
L'isethionate a à la fois un élément hydrophile (aimant l'eau) et hydrophobe (craignant l'eau) et est donc attiré par l'eau et l'huile.

La poudre de cocoyl isethionate de sodium est biodégradable, non toxique et végétalienne.
En plus de son potentiel de liaison, il peut attirer la saleté de la peau et des cheveux qui peuvent ensuite être lavés à l'eau.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est très doux pour la peau et le cuir chevelu et convient à tous les types de peau, y compris les nourrissons.

La capacité moussante élevée de Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate maintient l'humidité de la peau.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est un ingrédient nettoyant utilisé dans les formulations de soins de la peau et des cheveux.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco. Il est principalement utilisé dans les savons, les nettoyants, les shampooings et les produits nettoyants en raison de ses capacités tensioactives.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate aide à éliminer l'huile et la saleté de la peau permet à elle d'être lavée.
C'est pourquoi le cocoyl isethionate de sodium peut être trouvé dans les produits qui aident à nettoyer la peau et les cheveux.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est utilisé sous forme de fine poudre blanche qui a un parfum doux.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est généralement utilisé dans des concentrations qui varient entre 10-25%.
On considère qu'il n'y a pas de problèmes d'irritation, de sensibilité ou de toxicité à ces concentrations.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate (SCI) est un tensioactif doux dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco qui est couramment utilisé dans les produits de soins de la peau et des cheveux.

Cette substance blanche et poudreuse a gagné en popularité en raison de sa nature douce et non irritante, ce qui la rend adaptée à une variété d'applications de soins personnels.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un sel de sodium de l'ester d'acide gras de noix de coco de l'acide iséthionique.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est un tensioactif anionique, ce qui signifie qu'il porte une charge négative qui aide à créer une mousse et à éliminer la saleté, l'huile et les impuretés de la peau et des cheveux.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, également connu sous le nom de SCI, est un tensioactif doux qui ajoute des propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes élevées à une formule cosmétique.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate vient généralement sous forme de flocons, de nouilles ou de poudre.
La matière première de cocoyl isethionate de sodium est un tensioactif composé d'un type d'acide sulfonique appelé acide iséthionique ainsi que de l'acide gras – ou ester de sel de sodium – obtenu à partir d'huile de noix de coco.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est un substitut traditionnel des sels de sodium dérivés d'animaux, à savoir les moutons et les bovins.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate présente une grande capacité moussante, produisant une mousse stable, riche et veloutée qui ne déshydrate pas la peau, ce qui le rend idéal pour l'ajout de produits sans eau ainsi que de soins de la peau, de soins capillaires et de produits de bain.

Le tensioactif haute performance Cocoyl Isethionate de sodium, qui est tout aussi efficace dans l'eau dure que dans l'eau douce, est un choix populaire pour ajouter aux shampooings liquides et aux shampooings en barre, aux savons liquides et aux savons en barre, aux beurres de bain et aux bombes de bain, ainsi qu'aux gels douche, pour ne nommer que quelques produits moussants.
L'odeur de cocoyl isethionate de sodium peut varier d'un lot à l'autre, notre dernier lot avait peu d'odeur, ce nouveau lot a une certaine odeur.

Dans les tests, l'huile parfumée couvre toutes les odeurs, mais les huiles essentielles plus faibles telles que le pamplemousse et les agrumes peuvent ne pas couvrir entièrement l'odeur de l'isethionate de cocoyle sodique.
L'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium est utilisé comme surfactant ou co-surfactant (pour les propriétés nettoyantes et la mousse) dans des produits tels que les shampooings, les barres de shampooing, les nettoyants pour le corps et les savons pour les mains.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est créé en combinant l'isethionate de sodium avec des acides gras d'huile de noix de coco. (source)

L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique (SCI) est un ingrédient prédominant dans la formulation de barres syndet depuis plus de trente ans.
Bien que rentable et bien reconnu pour sa bonne compatibilité cutanée, l'isethionate de cocoyle sodique n'est pas régulièrement présent dans les systèmes de détergents liquides en raison de sa solubilité limitée dans l'eau.
La solubilité de l'isethionate de cocoyle sodique dans l'eau est défavorable en termes d'enthalpie de solvatation.

Lors de la mise en place de l'équilibre de solubilisation, il y a trois phases possibles, et trois méthodes ont été développées pour empêcher le cocoyl isethionate de sodium de recristalliser dans des solutions aqueuses.
La première se concentre sur la liaison des ions Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate dans des micelles constituées de tensioactifs secondaires.
La seconde porte sur l'échange d'ions sodium avec des ions ammonium (et/ou triéthanolammonium).

Le troisième est centré sur l'émulsification de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium et le changement ultérieur des micelles en gouttes d'huile émulsionnées.
Une combinaison de deux ou trois de ces méthodes permettra au formulateur d'utiliser l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium comme surfactant principal dans les systèmes détersifs liquides.

La poudre de cocoyl isethionate de sodium est un tensioactif doux à haute teneur en mousse.
En raison de l'excellente mousse et de la douceur des cocoyl isethionates de sodium, il convient à une utilisation dans les barres Syndet, les shampooings, les gels douche, les savons liquides et les nettoyants pour le visage.
Les températures élevées et la façon dont cet ingrédient est stocké peuvent également affecter l'odeur.

Densité: 1110 [à 20 °C]
pression de vapeur: 0.002Pa à 20°C
pka: 0.36[à 20 °C]
Solubilité dans l'eau : 102 mg/L à 23 °C
LogP: -0.41 à 20°C
Scores alimentaires d'EWG: 1
FDA UNII : 518XTE8493

L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est le sel de sodium de l'ester d'acide gras de noix de coco de l'acide sisethionique qui fonctionne comme un agent de nettoyage surfactant (Nikitakis, 1988).
Le cocoylisethionate de sodium se présente sous la forme d'une fine poudre blanche composée d'ingrédients actifs et d'impuretés mineures et d'une odeur légère (Estrin et coll., 1982b).
Le cocoyllséthinate de sodium est stable à un pH de 6 à 8 et s'hydrolyse en dehors de cette plage de pH (Hunting, 1983).

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est produit en faisant réagir l'isethionate de sodium avec des acides gras dérivés de l'huile de noix de coco ou d'autres chlorures.
Le mélange est ensuite chauffé pour éliminer l'eau et distillé pour éliminer l'excès d'acides gras.
L'isethionate de cocoyl sodique est un agent nettoyant doux sans savon connu pour sa capacité à atténuer la perturbation de la barrière cutanée.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est dérivé de la noix de coco et est considéré comme compatible avec les peaux sensibles.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un tensioactif anionique, c'est-à-dire un agent nettoyant avec une charge négative au lieu d'une charge positive.
Les tensioactifs anioniques sont le type le plus courant en raison de leur capacité à soulever et à suspendre la saleté, l'huile et les débris, ce qui leur permet d'être emportés.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate aide à éliminer la saleté, les huiles et les impuretés de la peau ou des cheveux sans éliminer excessivement les huiles naturelles, ce qui peut aider à maintenir l'hydratation de la peau et des cheveux.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate produit une mousse riche et crémeuse lorsqu'il est mélangé avec de l'eau, améliorant l'expérience de nettoyage dans des produits comme les shampooings, les nettoyants pour le corps et les nettoyants pour le visage.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate aide à mélanger les ingrédients à base d'huile et d'eau dans les formulations, créant ainsi des produits stables et homogènes.
En raison de la nature douce de Sodium Cocoyl Isethionates, il est souvent utilisé dans les produits destinés aux personnes ayant la peau sensible ou irritée.
Le cocoyliséthionate de sodium est considéré comme plus respectueux de l'environnement que certains autres tensioactifs, car il peut se biodégrader plus facilement.

La poudre de cocoyliséthionate de sodium, souvent appelée mousse pour bébé, est un tensioactif de poudre anionique de spécialité fabriqué à partir de toutes les ressources végétales renouvelables, principalement la noix de coco.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est utilisé pour conférer une douceur supplémentaire, une bonne sensation après et une bonne mousse dans de nombreux produits de soins personnels et de nettoyage.
La poudre de cocoyl isethionate de sodium est un excellent mousseur dans l'eau dure ou douce.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un ingrédient d'origine naturelle qui provient des acides gras présents dans l'acide iséthionique et l'huile de noix de coco.
Ces acides gras réagissent avec l'isethionate de sodium et le mélange est chauffé pour éliminer toute eau laissée derrière.
Sous sa forme brute, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium se présente sous la forme d'une fine poudre blanche.

Utilise
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est un ingrédient dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.
Dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels, le cocoyl isethionate de sodium est principalement utilisé dans la préparation de savons de bain et de produits nettoyants.
Cet ingrédient est également utilisé dans la formulation de shampooings, toniques, pansements, autres aides au toilettage des cheveux et préparations nettoyantes pour la peau.

Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium est utilisé comme agent tensioactif-nettoyant dans les formulations cosmétiques.
L'isethionate de cocoyle sodique est légèrement à pratiquement non toxique, avec une DL50 orale de 24,33 g/kg pour les rats.
L'application cutanée de 1,0 à 36,0 % p/p de lséthinate aqueux de cocoyle sodique à des rats pendant 28 jours n'a produit aucun effet toxique significatif.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est souvent utilisé dans les shampooings pour créer une mousse crémeuse qui aide à nettoyer les cheveux et le cuir chevelu sans enlever excessivement les huiles naturelles.
Cela rend Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate adapté à un usage quotidien et pour les personnes ayant un cuir chevelu sensible.
Dans les nettoyants pour le corps et les gels douche, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate produit une mousse luxueuse qui nettoie efficacement la peau sans la laisser sèche ou irritée.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est utilisé dans les nettoyants pour le visage pour éliminer le maquillage, la saleté et les impuretés de la peau tout en maintenant une expérience de nettoyage douce.
Sa nature douce le rend adapté à différents types de peau.
L'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium se trouve couramment dans les barres nettoyantes solides, telles que les barres nettoyantes pour le visage, les barres pour le corps et même les barres de shampooing, en raison de sa capacité à produire une mousse riche.

Les propriétés douces de Sodium Cocoyl Isethionates le rendent approprié pour une utilisation dans les shampooings pour bébés, les nettoyants pour le corps et les produits de bain.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium est souvent inclus dans les produits conçus pour les peaux sensibles ou facilement irritées, car il nettoie sans causer de sécheresse ou d'irritation excessive.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est utilisé dans les savons liquides pour les mains pour créer une action moussante qui nettoie efficacement les mains sans trop assécher la peau.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est parfois utilisé dans les bombes de bain et autres produits de bain pour créer une expérience moussante et nettoyante luxueuse lorsqu'il est ajouté à l'eau du bain.

Dans certains cas, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate peut être utilisé dans les crèmes et les lotions pour aider à l'émulsification, créant un produit lisse et bien mélangé.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est un tensioactif doux et hautement moussant.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate laisse la peau avec une sensation douce de sécession, c'est pourquoi il est parfois appelé « mousse pour bébé ».

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est une bonne alternative sans sulfate pour les personnes qui veulent éviter les tensioactifs communément connus tels que le laurylsulfate de sodium (SLS).
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium peut être inclus dans les produits exfoliants comme les gommages et les nettoyants pour aider à éliminer les cellules mortes de la peau et les impuretés tout en maintenant une action nettoyante douce.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium peut être utilisé dans des produits conçus pour avoir une texture crémeuse et hydratante, aidant à créer un équilibre entre le nettoyage et l'hydratation.
Dans les démaquillants, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate aide à décomposer les produits de maquillage tout en étant doux pour la peau autour des yeux et du visage.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est souvent utilisé dans les crèmes à raser et les mousses pour créer une expérience de rasage douce et confortable, réduisant l'irritation et les brûlures du rasoir.

En raison de sa nature douce, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est utilisé dans les produits pour les personnes ayant des cuirs chevelus sensibles ou facilement irrités, tels que les shampooings antipelliculaires et les traitements du cuir chevelu.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate peut être trouvé dans des formulations naturelles, organiques et sans sulfate comme une alternative plus douce aux tensioactifs traditionnels à base de sulfate.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est parfois utilisé dans les shampooings pour animaux de compagnie pour fournir une action nettoyante douce pour la peau et le pelage des animaux de compagnie.
La forme solide de Sodium Cocoyl Isethionates le rend approprié pour créer des barres nettoyantes solides et des barres de shampooing, qui sont pratiques pour voyager et réduisent le besoin de produits liquides.

Dans certains cas, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate peut être utilisé dans les masques moussants ou nettoyants pour fournir un aspect nettoyant lorsque le masque est lavé.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate peut être trouvé dans les produits cosmétiques comme les crèmes nettoyantes pour le visage, les démaquillants, et même dans certaines formulations de dentifrice pour ses propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes.

Sécurité
Comme beaucoup de tensioactifs, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate peut provoquer une irritation s'il entre en contact direct avec les yeux.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est important pour éviter d'avoir le produit dans les yeux et de rincer abondamment à l'eau si cela se produit.
Alors que Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est généralement bien toléré par la plupart des individus, certaines personnes peuvent avoir des sensibilités ou des allergies à cet ingrédient.

Dans certains cas, certains tensioactifs peuvent contribuer à l'obstruction des pores et des éruptions, en particulier chez les personnes ayant une peau sujette à l'acné ou sensible.
Bien que l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium soit considéré comme plus biodégradable que certains autres tensioactifs, son impact sur l'environnement peut encore varier en fonction de facteurs tels que la formulation, l'utilisation et l'élimination.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium est généralement une bonne pratique d'utiliser des produits avec des formulations respectueuses de l'environnement chaque fois que possible.

Synonymes
SODIUM COCOYL ISETHIONATE
61789-32-0
ACIDE GRAS DE NOIX DE COCO, ESTER DE 2-SULFOÉTHYLE, SEL DE SODIUM
ACIDES GRAS, HUILE DE COCO, ESTERS SULFOÉTHYLIQUES, SELS DE SODIUM
IGEPON AC-78
COCOYL ISETHIONATE DE SODIUM [INCI]
COCOYL ISETHIONATE DE SODIUM [MI]
COCOYLISÉTIONATE DE SODIUM [MART.]
ESTER DE NOIX DE COCO ISETHIONATE DE SODIUM
Cocoyl isethionate de sodium [OMS-DD]
518XTE8493

SODIUM COCOYL SARCOSINATE; Glycine, N-methyl-, N-coco acyl derivs, sodium salts; N° CAS : 61791-59-1, Nom INCI : SODIUM COCOYL SARCOSINATE; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 263-193-2 ; Classification : Tensioactif anionique; Ses fonctions (INCI); Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre; Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance; Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco et est facilement soluble dans l'eau.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% a un pH légèrement acide, ce qui le rend idéal pour la peau.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique fabriqué à partir d'acide gras d'huile de noix de coco, et a une excellente qualité hydratante et une qualité nettoyante douce.

Numéro CAS : 61789-32-0
Formule moléculaire : C2Na6O47S20
Poids moléculaire : 1555.23182
Numéro EINECS : 263-052-5

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % produit une mousse souple dense dans l'eau douce et l'eau dure.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique doux avec d'excellentes propriétés moussantes.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% confère une sensation luxueusement douce et revitalisée sur la peau.

Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% P de Clariant est un tensioactif anionique doux d'origine végétale qui donne des mousses hautes, denses et crémeuses.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif doux dérivé de la noix de coco.
Peut être formulé pour obtenir un aspect clair ou opaque/crémeux.

Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être utilisé dans une variété de recettes cosmétiques.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% agit comme un ingrédient moussant et nettoyant.
Il s'agit d'un ingrédient utilisé dans des produits comme le savon, les bombes de bain, les pains moussants et le shampooing.

La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est un tensioactif en poudre anionique de premier ordre, très doux et dérivé de toutes les ressources végétales et renouvelables.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% poudre / Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate est utilisé dans de nombreuses applications.
La concentration de « 85 % » signifie que dans le produit auquel vous faites référence, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium représente 85 % de la composition totale et que les 15 % restants peuvent être constitués d'autres ingrédients, tels que de l'eau, des conservateurs, des émollients et des parfums, selon la formulation spécifique.

Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique doux avec d'excellentes propriétés moussantes.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% confère une sensation luxueusement douce et revitalisée sur la peau.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % produit une mousse souple dense dans l'eau douce et l'eau dure.

Peut être formulé pour obtenir un aspect clair ou opaque/crémeux.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco et est facilement soluble dans l'eau.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% a un pH légèrement acide, ce qui le rend idéal pour la peau.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est généralement dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco, d'où la partie « cocoyl » de son nom.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un sel de sodium produit à partir d'huile de noix de coco.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % présente une grande capacité moussante, produisant une mousse stable, riche et veloutée qui ne déshydrate pas la peau, ce qui le rend idéal pour être ajouté aux produits sans eau ainsi qu'aux produits de soins de la peau, de soins capillaires et de bain.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium 85% est un composé anionique et est également connu sous le nom d'isethionate de sodium.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est un substitut populaire aux sels de sodium d'origine animale, tels que le suif de sodium, qui provient des bovins et des moutons.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique fabriqué à partir d'acide gras d'huile de noix de coco, et a une excellente qualité hydratante et une qualité nettoyante douce.

Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % est efficace dans l'eau dure et les solutions électrolytiques, et compatible avec le savon et le glycérol.
Cet ingrédient a des propriétés moussantes élevées, ce qui fait de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % un ajout utile aux produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est également connu sous le nom de « Baby Foam » car il s'agit d'un tensioactif exceptionnellement doux.

Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est une fine poudre blanche qui dégage une odeur douce.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un substitut traditionnel aux sels de sodium dérivés d'animaux, à savoir les ovins et les bovins.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est un composé chimique couramment utilisé dans la formulation de produits de soins personnels et cosmétiques, en particulier dans les soins de la peau, les soins capillaires et les produits de bain.

La grande capacité moussante de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium 85 % maintient l'hydratation de la peau.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est un ingrédient nettoyant utilisé dans les formulations de soins de la peau et de soins capillaires.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco. Il est principalement utilisé dans les savons, les nettoyants, les shampooings et les produits nettoyants en raison de ses capacités tensioactives.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% aide à éliminer le sébum et la saleté de la peau et lui permet d'être lavée.
C'est pourquoi le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être trouvé dans les produits qui aident à nettoyer la peau et les cheveux.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un ester de sel de sodium, ou un acide gras dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un ingrédient naturel dérivé de la noix de coco, en particulier de l'huile de noix de coco.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un sel de sodium de l'ester d'acide gras de noix de coco de l'acide iséthionique.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique, ce qui signifie qu'il porte une charge négative qui aide à créer une mousse et à éliminer la saleté, le sébum et les impuretés de la peau et des cheveux.

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85%, également connu sous le nom de SCI, est un tensioactif doux qui ajoute des propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes élevées à une formule cosmétique.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % se présente généralement sous forme de flocons, de nouilles ou de poudre.
La matière première Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif composé d'un type d'acide sulfonique appelé acide iséthionique ainsi que de l'acide gras - ou ester de sel de sodium - obtenu à partir de l'huile de noix de coco.

Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif primaire doux avec une mousse dense et luxueuse.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est doux pour la peau et ne dessèche pas.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être combiné avec d'autres tensioactifs pour créer un shampooing et un nettoyant pour le corps crémeux et élégants.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être utilisé comme seul tensioactif dans une crème ou un solide nettoyant.
Dans les applications de soins capillaires et cutanés, ce tensioactif crée une sensation d'élégance pendant l'utilisation et une sensation de sésame conditionnée.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est une combinaison d'un type d'acide sulfonique appelé acide iséthionique et d'un acide gras ou d'un ester de sel de sodium dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.
Ce tensioactif est utilisé comme agent nettoyant dans de nombreux produits de soin de la peau, de soins capillaires et de nettoyage.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est considéré comme un ingrédient dans une variété de savons et de produits nettoyants.

Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium 85% est utilisé sous forme de poudre blanche fine au parfum doux.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium 85% est un type de tensioactif, ce qui signifie qu'il a la capacité d'abaisser la tension superficielle des liquides et d'améliorer la capacité d'étalement des produits.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est connu pour être non allergique, non irritant et non toxique, donc utilisé dans une large gamme de produits de beauté et d'articles de toilette.

La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est un tensioactif particulièrement doux dérivé de la noix de coco.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% sont des composés organiques qui facilitent le mélange de liquides qui ne se mélangent pas habituellement, le plus évidemment l'huile et l'eau.
L'isethionate a à la fois un élément hydrophile (aimant l'eau) et hydrophobe (craignant l'eau) et est donc attiré par l'eau et l'huile.

La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est biodégradable, non toxique et végétalienne.
En plus de son potentiel de liaison, il peut attirer la saleté de la peau et des cheveux qui peut ensuite être lavée à l'eau.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium 85% est très doux pour la peau et le cuir chevelu et convient à tous les types de peau, y compris les nourrissons.

Le tensioactif haute performance Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85%, qui est aussi efficace dans l'eau dure que dans l'eau douce, est un choix populaire pour l'ajout aux shampooings liquides et aux shampoings en barre, aux savons liquides et aux savons en barre, aux beurres de bain et aux bombes de bain, ainsi qu'aux gels douche, pour ne nommer que quelques produits moussants.
L'odeur de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium 85% peut varier d'un lot à l'autre, notre dernier lot avait peu d'odeur, ce nouveau lot a une certaine odeur.
Dans les tests, l'huile parfumée couvre n'importe quelle odeur, mais les huiles essentielles plus faibles, telles que le pamplemousse et les agrumes, peuvent ne pas couvrir entièrement l'odeur de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium 85%.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est utilisé comme tensioactif ou co-tensioactif (pour les propriétés nettoyantes et moussantes) dans des produits tels que les shampooings, les barres de shampooing, les nettoyants pour le corps et les savons pour les mains.
Cela le rend utile pour créer des propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes dans divers produits de soins personnels.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif anionique solide et doux fabriqué à partir d'huile de noix de coco.

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est vraiment polyvalent et bon, et est considéré comme naturel.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % est utilisé pour créer des nettoyants solides et des nettoyants liquides opaques.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est généralement utilisé à des concentrations comprises entre 10 et 25 %.

On considère qu'il n'y a pas de problèmes d'irritation, de sensibilité ou de toxicité à ces concentrations.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium 85% est créé en combinant de l'isethionate de sodium avec des acides gras d'huile de noix de coco. (la source)
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est un ingrédient prédominant dans la formulation des barres syndet depuis plus de trente ans.

Bien qu'il soit rentable et bien reconnu pour sa bonne compatibilité avec la peau, le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% ne se trouve pas régulièrement dans les systèmes de détergents liquides en raison de sa solubilité limitée dans l'eau.
La solubilité du Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% dans l'eau est défavorable en termes d'enthalpie de solvatation.
Lors de la mise en place de l'équilibre de solubilisation, il existe trois phases possibles, et trois méthodes ont été développées pour empêcher le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% de recristalliser dans des solutions aqueuses.

Le premier se concentre sur la liaison des ions Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate à 85 % dans des micelles constituées de tensioactifs secondaires.
La seconde se concentre sur l'échange d'ions sodium avec des ions ammonium (et/ou triéthanolammonium).
Le troisième est centré sur l'émulsification de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85% et la transformation ultérieure des micelles en gouttes d'huile émulsionnées.

Une combinaison de deux ou trois de ces méthodes permettra au formulateur d'utiliser l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % comme tensioactif primaire dans les systèmes de désactivation liquide.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est le sel de sodium de l'ester d'acide gras de noix de coco de l'acide sisethionique qui fonctionne comme un agent tensioactif-nettoyant (Nikitakis, 1988).
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % se présente sous la forme d'une fine poudre blanche composée d'un ingrédient actif et d'impuretés mineures et dégage une odeur douce (Estrin et coll., 1982b).

Le cocoyl lséthionate de sodium est stable à un pH de 6 à 8 et s'hydrolyse en dehors de cette plage de pH (Hunting, 1983).
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un tensioactif doux dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco qui est couramment utilisé dans les produits de soin de la peau et des cheveux.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium 85 est un tensioactif anionique doux, qui peut améliorer la structure de la mousse avec une bonne résistance à l'eau dure.

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est utilisé dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels comme tensioactif et est souvent vu dans les produits de soins capillaires comme les shampooings en raison de sa capacité à aider l'eau à se mélanger à l'huile et à la saleté, ce qui leur permet d'être plus facilement rincés.
Le processus comprend le mélange d'un acide sulfonique naturel appelé acide iséthionique avec les acides gras naturellement présents dans l'huile de noix de coco.
Tout comme l'huile de noix de coco, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % offre des propriétés incroyablement hydratantes, en particulier par rapport à d'autres tensioactifs aux propriétés nettoyantes et moussantes similaires.

Densité : 1110 [à 20°C]
pression de vapeur : 0,002 Pa à 20°C
pka : 0,36 [à 20 °C]
Solubilité dans l'eau : 102mg/L à 23°C
LogP : -0,41 à 20°C

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est un tensioactif doux d'origine végétale couramment utilisé dans les produits de soins personnels et cosmétiques.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco et est utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est une alternative douce, non irritante et biodégradable aux tensioactifs plus agressifs tels que le laurylsulfate de sodium.

L'isothétonate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est souvent utilisé dans les pains de savon, les nettoyants pour le corps, les shampooings et autres produits de soins personnels.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est également utilisé comme constructeur de viscosité dans les produits liquides et crémeux.
La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est un tensioactif doux hautement moussant.

Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % aide à mélanger les ingrédients à base d'huile et d'eau dans les formulations, créant ainsi des produits stables et homogènes.
En raison de la nature douce de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85%, il est souvent utilisé dans les produits destinés aux personnes à la peau sensible ou irritée.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est dérivé de la noix de coco et est considéré comme compatible avec les peaux sensibles.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % est un tensioactif anionique, c'est-à-dire un agent nettoyant avec une charge négative au lieu d'une charge positive.
Les tensioactifs anioniques sont le type le plus courant en raison de leur capacité à soulever et à suspendre la saleté, l'huile et les débris, ce qui leur permet d'être lavés.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % aide à éliminer la saleté, les huiles et les impuretés de la peau ou des cheveux sans éliminer excessivement les huiles naturelles, ce qui peut aider à maintenir l'hydratation de la peau et des cheveux.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % produit une mousse riche et crémeuse lorsqu'il est mélangé à de l'eau, améliorant l'expérience de nettoyage de produits tels que les shampooings, les nettoyants pour le corps et les nettoyants pour le visage.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un agent nettoyant doux sans savon connu pour sa capacité à atténuer la perturbation de la barrière cutanée.

Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un ingrédient d'origine naturelle qui provient des acides gras présents dans l'acide iséthionique et l'huile de noix de coco.
Ces acides gras réagissent avec l'isethionate de sodium et le mélange est chauffé pour éliminer l'eau restante.
Sous sa forme brute, le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% se présente sous la forme d'une fine poudre blanche.

Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est considéré comme plus respectueux de l'environnement que certains autres tensioactifs, car il peut se biodégrader plus facilement.
La poudre d'isothionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 %, souvent appelée mousse pour bébé, est un tensioactif en poudre anionique de spécialité fabriqué à partir de toutes les ressources végétales renouvelables, principalement la noix de coco.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est utilisé pour conférer une douceur supplémentaire, une bonne sensation et une bonne mousse dans de nombreux produits de soins personnels et de nettoyage.

La poudre d'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est un excellent mousseur dans l'eau dure ou douce.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est produit en faisant réagir l'isethionate de sodium avec des acides gras dérivés de l'huile de noix de coco ou d'autres chlorures.
En raison de l'excellente mousse et de la douceur de l'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium à 85%, il convient à une utilisation dans les barres, shampooings, gels douche, savons liquides et nettoyants pour le visage Syndet.

De plus, les températures élevées et la façon dont cet ingrédient est stocké peuvent affecter l'odeur.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium (poudre) est produit en faisant réagir l'isethionate de sodium avec des acides gras de noix de coco, suivie d'une neutralisation avec de l'hydroxyde de sodium.
Le mélange est chauffé pour éliminer l'eau et distillé pour éliminer l'excès d'acide gras.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est fabriqué à l'origine par éthoxylation de sulfites de sodium et de leurs dérivés.
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate Tensioactif en poudre super fine Ou tensioactif anionique, un type spécial de détergent doux Utilisé comme détergent principal Dans les formules qui nécessitent des formules douces telles que le shampooing pour bébé, le savon pour bébé, le nettoyant pour le visage Et utilisé comme détergent secondaire Dans les formules qui nécessitent une grande quantité de mousse ou de mousse.

Utilise:
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est utilisé comme agent tensioactif-nettoyant dans les formulations cosmétiques.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est parfois utilisé dans les bombes de bain et autres produits de bain pour créer une expérience moussante et nettoyante luxueuse lorsqu'il est ajouté à l'eau du bain.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% peut être utilisé dans les crèmes et les lotions pour aider à l'émulsification, créant ainsi un produit lisse et bien mélangé.

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est un tensioactif doux et très moussant.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% laisse la peau avec une sensation douce, c'est pourquoi il est parfois appelé « mousse pour bébé ».
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est un ingrédient dérivé de l'huile de noix de coco.

Dans les cosmétiques et les produits de soins personnels, le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est principalement utilisé dans la préparation de savons de bain et de produits nettoyants.
Cet ingrédient est également utilisé dans la formulation de shampooings, de toniques, de pansements, d'autres aides au toilettage des cheveux et de préparations nettoyantes pour la peau.
Les propriétés douces de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % le rendent adapté à une utilisation dans les shampooings pour bébés, les nettoyants pour le corps et les produits de bain.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est souvent inclus dans les produits conçus pour les peaux sensibles ou facilement irritées, car il nettoie sans provoquer de sécheresse ou d'irritation excessive.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est légèrement à pratiquement non toxique, avec une DL50 orale de 24,33 g/kg pour les rats.
L'application cutanée de 1,0 à 36,0 % p/p de cocoyl lsethionate de sodium aqueux sur des rats pendant 28 jours n'a pas produit d'effets toxiques significatifs.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% s sous forme solide le rend adapté à la création de barres nettoyantes solides et de barres de shampooing, qui sont pratiques pour les voyages et réduisent le besoin de produits liquides.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être utilisé dans des produits conçus pour avoir une texture crémeuse et hydratante, aidant à créer un équilibre entre le nettoyage et l'hydratation.

Dans les démaquillants, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % aide à décomposer les produits de maquillage tout en étant doux pour la peau du contour des yeux et du visage.
Le cocoyl iséthionate de sodium à 85 % est souvent utilisé dans les crèmes à raser et les mousses pour créer une expérience de rasage douce et confortable, réduisant ainsi les irritations et le feu du rasoir.
En raison de sa nature douce, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est utilisé dans les produits destinés aux personnes ayant un cuir chevelu sensible ou facilement irrité, tels que les shampooings antipelliculaires et les traitements du cuir chevelu.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % peut être trouvé dans des formulations naturelles, biologiques et sans sulfate comme alternative plus douce aux tensioactifs traditionnels à base de sulfate.
Dans certains cas, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % peut être utilisé dans les masques moussants ou nettoyants pour le visage afin de fournir un aspect nettoyant lorsque le masque est lavé.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être trouvé dans les produits cosmétiques comme les crèmes nettoyantes pour le visage, les démaquillants et même dans certaines formulations de dentifrice pour ses propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% peut être inclus dans des produits exfoliants comme les gommages et les nettoyants pour aider à éliminer les cellules mortes de la peau et les impuretés tout en maintenant une action nettoyante douce.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est souvent utilisé dans les shampooings pour créer une mousse crémeuse qui aide à nettoyer les cheveux et le cuir chevelu sans éliminer excessivement les huiles naturelles.
Cela rend l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % adapté à un usage quotidien et aux personnes ayant un cuir chevelu sensible.

Dans les nettoyants pour le corps et les gels douche, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % produit une mousse luxueuse qui nettoie efficacement la peau sans la laisser sèche ou irritée.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est utilisé dans les nettoyants pour le visage pour éliminer le maquillage, la saleté et les impuretés de la peau tout en maintenant une expérience de nettoyage douce.
La nature douce de l'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium 85% le rend adapté à divers types de peau.

L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % se trouve couramment dans les barres nettoyantes solides, telles que les barres nettoyantes pour le visage, les barres pour le corps et même les barres de shampooing, en raison de sa capacité à produire une mousse riche.
Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est une bonne alternative sans sulfate pour les personnes qui souhaitent éviter les tensioactifs connus tels que le laurylsulfate de sodium (SLS).

Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % est parfois utilisé dans les shampooings pour animaux de compagnie afin de fournir une action nettoyante douce pour la peau et le pelage des animaux de compagnie.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium 85 est principalement utilisé dans les shampooings spéciaux, les bains de douche, les lotions nettoyantes douces et les savons liquides.
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est particulièrement utilisé dans le pain de savon syndet à pH neutre.

L'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium à 85 % se trouve souvent dans les shampooings car il aide à créer une mousse riche, à nettoyer efficacement les cheveux et le cuir chevelu et à éliminer la saleté et l'excès de sébum.
Le Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est particulièrement adapté aux shampooings doux et à usage quotidien.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est utilisé dans les nettoyants pour le corps et les gels douche pour fournir une mousse mousseuse et un nettoyage doux de la peau.

Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % peut aider à éliminer les impuretés sans trop dessécher la peau.
Dans les nettoyants pour le visage, l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % est utilisé pour éliminer le maquillage, la saleté et les huiles du visage sans provoquer d'irritation.
La nature douce de l'isethionate de cocoyl de sodium à 85 % le rend adapté à la peau sensible du visage.

Certains pains de savon contiennent 85 % d'isothionate de cocoyle de sodium pour améliorer leurs propriétés moussantes et nettoyantes.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % peut contribuer à une mousse crémeuse et à un nettoyage efficace dans les formulations de pain de savon.
L'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 % se trouve dans les nettoyants à base de crème, aidant à émulsionner et à éliminer le maquillage et les impuretés de la peau tout en maintenant une expérience de nettoyage douce.

En raison de sa nature douce et non irritante, le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est couramment utilisé dans les shampooings pour bébés, les nettoyants pour le corps et d'autres produits de soins pour bébés pour assurer un nettoyage en douceur.
Les produits conçus pour les personnes ayant la peau sensible ou facilement irritée contiennent souvent de l'isethionate de cocoyle de sodium à 85 %, car il est moins susceptible de provoquer une irritation de la peau que les tensioactifs plus agressifs.

Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% est utilisé dans les shampoings solides solides, qui constituent une alternative plus durable et écologique aux shampoings liquides.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium 85% aide à faire mousser et à nettoyer efficacement les cheveux.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium 85% est utilisé dans les savons liquides pour les mains pour créer une action moussante qui nettoie efficacement les mains sans trop dessécher la peau.

Profil d'innocuité :
Le sodium Cocoyl Isethionate 85% sous forme de poudre peut être irritant pour les yeux et la peau, de sorte que des précautions de manipulation et de sécurité appropriées sont nécessaires pendant la production et la formulation.
L'inhalation d'une fine poudre d'isothionate de sodium à 85 % peut irriter le système respiratoire.
Par conséquent, il est important d'utiliser un équipement de protection individuelle approprié lors de la manipulation du produit chimique pur.

Le sodium cocoyl isethionate 85% est considéré comme doux, certaines personnes peuvent y être sensibles ou allergiques.
Des tests épicutanés doivent être effectués lors de la formulation des produits, en particulier pour les personnes ayant des sensibilités cutanées connues.
Le cocoyl isethionate de sodium à 85 % est biodégradable et considéré comme plus respectueux de l'environnement que certains autres tensioactifs.

Synonymes:
Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate
Acides gras, huile de noix de coco, esters sulfoethyliques, sels de sodium
N° 518XTE8493
Acide gras de noix de coco, ester de 2-sulfoéthyle, sel de sodium
Igepon AC-78
Incroyable chiffon à vaisselle SainteteSavon
Barre à cheveux camélia MODUGA
Barre à cheveux boisée MODUGA
DTXSID6028070
CE 263-052-5
EINECS 263-052-5
Jordapon CI
SODIUM COCOYL ISETIONATE (MART.)
ESTER DE NOIX DE COCO À L'ISETHIONATE DE SODIUM
Isothionate de cocoyle de sodium
UNII-518XTE8493

SODIUM COCOYL TAURATE N° CAS : 86089-05-6 Nom INCI : SODIUM COCOYL TAURATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 289-173-3 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 28348-53-0 Sodium o-cumenesulfonate; Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate; Eltesol SC 40; Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; Sodium Cumene Sulphonate 40;

cumenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Sodium cumenesulphonate; SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE, N° CAS : 32073-22-6 / 28348-53-0, Nom INCI : SODIUM CUMENESULFONATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 250-913-5 / 248-983-7. Ses fonctions (INCI); Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau.Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : Cumène sulfonate de sodium. Noms anglais : BENZENE, (1-METHYLETHYL)-, MONOSULFO DERIV., SODIUM SALT; CUMENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; SODIUM CUMENE SULFONATE; 250-913-5 [EINECS]; 2-Isopropylbenzènesulfonate de sodium [French]; 32073-22-6 [RN]; Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-, monosulfo deriv., sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1) ; Natrium-2-isopropylbenzolsulfonat [German] ; sodium 2-(1-methylethyl)benzenesulfonate; sodium 2-(propan-2-yl)benzenesulfonate; Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name];Sodium cumenesulphonate; SODIUM O-CUMENESULFONATE; (1-Methylethyl)benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt; CUMENE MONOSULPHO DERIVATIVE SODIUM SALT; cumene, monosulpho derivative, sodium salt; cumenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Sodium 2-(propan-2-yl) benzene sulfonate; SODIUM 2-(PROPAN-2-YL)BENZENE-1-SULFONATE; sodium 2-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium cumene sulfonate; Sodium cumenesulfonate; Sodium isopropylbenzenesulfonate; SODIUM MONO-ISOPROPYLBENZENESULFONATE; Sodium-4-(1 methyl ethyl) benzene sulfonate. 250-913-5 [EINECS]; 2-Isopropylbenzènesulfonate de sodium [French] ; 32073-22-6 [RN] ; Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-, monosulfo deriv., sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; Natrium-2-isopropylbenzolsulfonat [German]; sodium 2-(1-methylethyl)benzenesulfonate; sodium 2-(propan-2-yl)benzenesulfonate Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium cumenesulphonate; SODIUM O-CUMENESULFONATE; (1-Methylethyl)benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt; [32073-22-6] 71407-44-8 [RN]; CUMENE MONOSULPHO DERIVATIVE SODIUM SALT; cumene, monosulpho derivative, sodium salt; cumenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Sodium 2-(propan-2-yl) benzene sulfonate; SODIUM 2-(PROPAN-2-YL)BENZENE-1-SULFONATE; sodium 2-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium cumene sulfonate; Sodium cumenesulfonate; Sodium isopropylbenzenesulfonate; SODIUM MONO-ISOPROPYLBENZENESULFONATE; Sodium-4-(1 methyl ethyl) benzene sulfonate; Sodium o-cumenesulfonate ; Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate; Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; Sodium o-cumenesulfonate; Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulfonate; Benzenesulfonic acid, (1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; 15763-77-6; Sodium o-cumenesulphonate; o-Cumenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; Sodium 2-isopropylbenzenesulphonate; o-Cumenesulphonic acid, sodium salt; SODIUM CUMENE SULFONATE; Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1); Sodium 2-(propan-2-yl) benzene sulfonate; Sodium-4-(1 methyl ethyl) benzene sulfonate; Benzene, (1-methylethyl)-, monosulfo deriv., sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid,(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1) 71407-44-8

SODIUM CYANIDE (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is a poisonous compound with the formula NaCN. It is a white, water-soluble solid. Cyanide has a high affinity for metals, which leads to the high toxicity of this salt. Its main application, in gold mining, also exploits its high reactivity toward metals. It is a moderately strong base. When treated with acid, it forms the toxic gas hydrogen cyanide: NaCN + H2SO4 → HCN + NaHSO4 Contents 1 Production and chemical properties of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 2 Applications of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 2.1 Cyanide mining of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 2.1.1 Sodium gold cyanide 2.2 Chemical feedstock of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 2.3 Niche uses of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 2.4 Homicide of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) 3 Toxicity of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Production and chemical properties of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is produced by treating hydrogen cyanide with sodium hydroxide:[4] HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H2O Worldwide production was estimated at 500,000 tons in the year 2006. Formerly it was prepared by the Castner process involving the reaction of sodium amide with carbon at elevated temperatures. NaNH2 + C → NaCN + H2 The structure of solid NaCN is related to that of sodium chloride.[5] The anions and cations are each six-coordinate. Potassium cyanide (KCN) adopts a similar structure. Each Na+ forms pi-bonds to two CN− groups as well as two "bent" Na---CN and two "bent" Na---NC links.[6] Because the salt is derived from a weak acid, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) readily reverts to HCN by hydrolysis; the moist solid emits small amounts of hydrogen cyanide, which smells like bitter almonds (not everyone can smell it—the ability thereof is due to a genetic trait[7]). Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) reacts rapidly with strong acids to release hydrogen cyanide. This dangerous process represents a significant risk associated with cyanide salts. It is detoxified most efficiently with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce sodium cyanate (NaOCN) and water:[4] NaCN + H2O2 → NaOCN + H2O Applications of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Cyanide mining See also: Cyanide process Sodium gold cyanide Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is used mainly to extract gold and other precious metals in mining industry. This application exploits the high affinity of gold(I) for cyanide, which induces gold metal to oxidize and dissolve in the presence of air (oxygen) and water, producing the salt sodium gold cyanide (or gold Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)) and sodium hydroxide: 4 Au + 8 NaCN + O2 + 2 H2O → 4 Na[Au(CN)2] + 4 NaOH A similar process uses potassium cyanide (KCN, a close relative of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)) to produce potassium gold cyanide (KAu(CN)2). Few other methods exist for this extraction process. Chemical feedstock of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Several commercially significant chemical compounds are derived from cyanide, including cyanuric chloride, cyanogen chloride, and many nitriles. In organic synthesis, cyanide, which is classified as a strong nucleophile, is used to prepare nitriles, which occur widely in many chemicals, including pharmaceuticals. Illustrative is the synthesis of benzyl cyanide by the reaction of benzyl chloride and Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE).[8] Niche uses of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Being highly toxic, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is used to kill or stun rapidly such as in widely illegal cyanide fishing and in collecting jars used by entomologists. Homicide of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) In 1986, Stella Nickell murdered her husband Bruce Nickell with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). In order to disguise her being responsible for the murder, she placed several bottles of Excedrin tainted with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) on store shelves near her home in Tacoma, WA. Susan Snow, a bank manager living nearby in the same town, died several days later from taking some of the tainted Excedrin. In 1991, Joseph Meling, a resident of Tumwater, WA, copied Nickell's idea, this time tainting capsules of Sudafed on store shelves near his home to murder his wife and disguise the incident as a mass murder. Meling had forged life insurance in his wife's name totaling $700,000. Meling's wife Jennifer Meling survived the poisoning attempt but two other residents of Tumwater died after taking the tainted Sudafed. Toxicity of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Main article: Cyanide poisoning Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE), like other soluble cyanide salts, is among the most rapidly acting of all known poisons. NaCN is a potent inhibitor of respiration, acting on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and hence blocking electron transport. This results in decreased oxidative metabolism and oxygen utilization. Lactic acidosis then occurs as a consequence of anaerobic metabolism. An oral dosage as small as 200–300 mg can be fatal. Aqueous solutions of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) are slightly hydrolyzed (Kh= 2.5X10-5) at ordinary temperatures to produce hydrogen cyanide. When heated in a dry carbon dioxide atmosphere, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) fuses without much decomposition. Thermal dissociation of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) has been studied in an atm of helium at 600-1050 °C and in an atm of nitrogen at 1050-1255 °C. It has been shown that vapor phase over melt contains decomposition products. As estimated in rats given 30 mg Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) intraperitoneally over a period of 8 days, 80 percent of the total cyanide is excreted in the urine in the form of thiocyanate. The effects of carotid body chemoreceptor stimulation by Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) on respiration and phrenic nerve activity were studied in intact and vagotomized rabbits. In intact animals an intracarotid injection of 30 ug of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) resulted in an elevation of phrenic nerve activity and a rapid onset of respiratory excitation associated with an increase in respiratory rate and the response was markedly potentiated after vagotomy. The change in respiratory rate was primarily due to a decrease in expiration time in intact animals, whereas it resulted from a pronounced decrease in inspiration time in vagotomized animals. Apparently, a suppressive effect of the vagus nerve on carotid body chemoreceptor reflex occurred. An induction of a continuous increase in phrenic nerve activity accompanied by apneustic respiration by intracarotid dopamine was another evidence to support the /observation/. The major detoxification pathway for cyanide in many species is a biotransformation to the less toxic thiocyanate. Hepatic thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase (rhodanese) is the principal enzyme demonstrating in vitro catalytic activity. Despite the assumed importance of the hepatic enzyme for cyanide detoxification in vivo, the effects of liver damage (surgical or chemical) on cyanide lethality in animals have not been examined previously. Male CD-1 mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4, 1 mg/kg, ip 24 hr prior to the administration of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). In other experiments carbon tetrachloride was given in the same doses at both 48 hr and 24 hr prior to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). Hepatotoxicity was documented by elevated serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activity, by histologic evaluation of the extent of cellular necrosis, by electron microscopy of the mitochondrial fraction, and by the increased duration of zoxazolamine-induced paralysis. Lethality was not changed by carbon tetrachloride pretreatments when Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) was given alone in doses of 4 or 6 mg/kg or at a dose of 10.7 mg/kg following sodium thiosulfate (sodium sulfide, 1 g/kg, ip). A small but statistically ... protective effect was exhibited by CCl4 when Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) was given at a dose of 16 mg/kg following the administration of sodium sulfide. Rhodanese activity as measured in mitochrondrial preparations fractionated from the livers of mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride was not different from that in animals given the corn oil vehicle even through electron micrographs showed extensive mitochondrial damage. No difference in cyanide lethality was evident between sham-operated mice and partially (2/3) hepatectomized mice at 24 hr post-surgery. An intact healthy liver does not appear to be essential for cyanide detoxification in mice whether or not thiosulfate is also given. Because rhodanese activity was slightly but ... higher in mitochondria lysed by Triton X-100 than in intact mitochondria, the mitochondrial membrane may constitute a barrier to sodium sulfide. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) releases hydrogen cyanide gas, a highly toxic chemical asphyxiant that interferes with the body’s ability to use oxygen. Exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic) effects, particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low oxygen levels: the central nervous system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), and the pulmonary system (lungs). Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is used commercially for fumigation, electroplating, extracting gold and silver from ores, and chemical manufacturing. Hydrogen cyanide gas released by Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) has a distinctive bitter almond odor (others describe a musty “old sneakers smell”), but a large proportion of people cannot detect it; the odor does not provide adequate warning of hazardous concentrations. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is odorless when dry. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is shipped as pellets or briquettes. It absorbs water from air (is hygroscopic or deliquescent). Super toxic; probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg or a taste (less than 7 drops) for a 70 kg (150 lb.) person. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is poisonous and may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Contact with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) may cause burns to skin and eyes. Individuals with chronic diseases of the kidneys, respiratory tract, skin, or thyroid are at greater risk of developing toxic cyanide effects. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is not combustible itself, but contact with acids releases highly flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) reacts violently with strong oxidants such as nitrates, chlorates, nitric acid, and peroxides, causing an explosion hazard. Upper and lower explosive (flammable) limits in air are not available for Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). Cyanide is usually found joined with other chemicals to form compounds. Examples of simple cyanide compounds are hydrogen cyanide, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) and potassium cyanide. Certain bacteria, fungi, and algae can produce cyanide, and cyanide is found in a number of foods and plants. In certain plant foods, including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy, spinach, bamboo shoots, and cassava roots (which are a major source of food in tropical countries), cyanides occur naturally as part of sugars or other naturally-occurring compounds. However, the edible parts of plants that are eaten in the United States, including tapioca which is made from cassava roots, contain relatively low amounts of cyanide. Hydrogen cyanide is a colorless gas with a faint, bitter, almondlike odor. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) and potassium cyanide are both white solids with a bitter, almond-like odor in damp air. Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide are used in electroplating, metallurgy, organic chemicals production, photographic developing, manufacture of plastics, fumigation of ships, and some mining processes. Hydrogen cyanide gas produced from Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed. Warning: Heart palpitations may occur within minutes after exposure. Caution is advised. Effects may be delayed. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) and cherry-red or bloody mucous membranes may occur. Tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate) may be followed by respiratory depression. Pulmonary edema and lung hemorrhage may also occur. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, and giddiness may be followed by combative behavior, dilated and unreactive pupils, convulsions, paralysis, and coma. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Increased salivation, nausea, and vomiting are often seen. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) may require decontamination and life support for the victims. All exposed persons should be transported to a health care facility as quickly as possible. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning. 3. RUSH to a health care facility! 4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning. 3. RUSH to a health care facility! 4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 6. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water. 7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning. 2. RUSH to a health care facility! 3. DO NOT induce vomiting. Ipecac is not recommended for ingestion of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). 4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water. 6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is non-combustible. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) releases highly flammable and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with acids or water. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is a poor candidate for incineration. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs. Manufacturers and processors of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) are required to conduct chemical fate and terrestrial effects tests under TSCA section 4. Acute systemic toxicity of hydrogen cyanide, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE), and potassium cyanide by instillation into the inferior conjunctival sac was investigated in rabbits. Methods of Dissemination Indoor Air: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can be released into indoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles. Water: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can be used to contaminate water. Food: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can be used to contaminate food. Outdoor Air: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can be released into outdoor air as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles. Agricultural: If Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is released as fine droplets, liquid spray (aerosol), or fine particles, it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can affect the body through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) can affect the body through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or eye contact. The effects of tribuyltin and Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) on hemolysis in human erythrocytes are described. Tributyltin has a sharp cut take off concentration for induction of hemolysis. A 5 uM concentration of tributyltin induces hemolysis and 1 uM or less does not in erythrocyte suspensions with lysis are sigmoidal indicating a complex molecular mechanism leading to lysis. Ten mM Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) plus 1 uM tributyltin does not stimulate hemolysis rates above levels observed with 10 mM Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) alone. Five nM Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) plus hemolytic concentrations of tributyltin stimulates hemolysis rates synergistically compared with either cyanide or tributyltin alone. Ultrastructurally, hemolytic concentrations of tribuyltin can be visualized in the electron microscope by osmium staining during fixation as electron dense spheres penetrating the lipid bilayer of the erythrocyte plasma membrane. Ten mM Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) plus 25 uM tributyltin increases slightly the size of osmiophilic structures in erythrocyte membranes compared with those spheres seen in cells exposed to 25 uM tribuyltin alone. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is the only compound tested that stimulates tributyltin induced hemolysis. CHEMICAL DANGERS: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is water-reactive. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) decomposes on contact with acids, acid salts, water, moisture, and carbon dioxide, producing highly toxic, flammable hydrogen cyanide gas. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) solution in water is a strong base; it reacts violently with acid and is corrosive. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is incompatible with strong oxidants. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) reacts violently with strong oxidants such as nitrates, chlorates, nitric acid, and peroxides, causing an explosion hazard. Upper and lower explosive (flammable) limits in air are not available for Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). Containers may explode when heated or if they are contaminated with water. FIRE FIGHTING INFORMATION: Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is non-combustible. The agent itself does not burn. Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) releases highly flammable and toxic hydrogen cyanide gas on contact with acids or water. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases. Hydrogen cyanide gas produced from Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed. TIME COURSE: Effects occur rapidly following exposure to Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). Inhalation exposure to hydrogen cyanide gas released from Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) produces symptoms within seconds to minutes; death may occur within minutes. What is Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE)? The term cyanide is clearly understood in the public consciousness to be almost synonymous with poison itself. This is largely because of its use as lethal suicide pill (L-pill) in World War 2, most notably with the suicide of Nazi army officer Erwin Rommel. The cyanide used in the L-pill was potassium cyanide but the properties of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) are nearly identical. An inorganic and very innocent looking white solid with deadly properties, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) (NaCN) can be fatal at amounts as little as 5% of a teaspoon. It is produced from the equally dangerous gas hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in a simple process with sodium hydroxide. Why would a company want so much of it? Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is used industrially across the globe, most frequently in the mining of gold. Although most of us have the traditional imagery of a 19th-century gold miner panning for nuggets, this isn’t the industrial method used today. After mining and milling, the crude rock mixture is turned into a fine powder and added to a solution of Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE). The gold forms strong bonds with cyanide molecules and can then be separated from the rest of the minerals because it is then soluble in water. It then reacts with zinc and turns back into a solid. Finally is smelted to isolate the gold and cast into bars. How dangerous is it? As with the very similar potassium cyanide used in the L-pill, Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is extremely toxic to humans. Although there are risks with skin absorption, the biggest risk is ingestion. Inhaling or swallowing Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) blocks oxygen transport causing serious medical problems and ultimately death. Gold Extraction Process Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) has been used in the extraction of gold from ore for over a century. Today it is still considered the most efficient extraction method – with Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) used in the leaching process in most gold mining operations. Solid Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is produced to form a white crystalline briquette or ‘cyanoid’. Liquid Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) is delivered to mine sites via purpose-built isotanks that are suitable for road or rail transport. In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the anion CN−. Salts such as Sodium cyanide (Sodyum Siyanür, SODIUM CYANIDE) and potassium cyanide are highly toxic.[2] Hydrocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts.

SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE, N° CAS : 4418-26-2 - Déhydroacétate de sodium. sodium dehydracetate; Sodium dehydroacetate; Origine(s) : Synthétique. Autre langue : Dihidroacetato sódico, Nom INCI : SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE. Nom chimique : Sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 224-580-1 Additif alimentaire : E266. Le déhydroacétate de sodium est un conservateur utilisé dans les cosmétiques pour ses propriétés antimicrobiennes. Même si l'ingrédient semble poser peu de problèmes pour la santé, notez toutefois que sa concentration est limitée (voir ci-dessous) et qu'il est interdit dans les produits en spray de type aérosol. Il est autorisé en Bio.Ses fonctions (INCI) Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur. Sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate; sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethonolate; sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethonolate; sodium dehydracetate; sodium dehydracetate; Sodium dehydroacetate. Translated names: 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-dioxo-2H-piran-3-iliden)etanolato de sodio (es); 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-méthyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyranne-3-ylidène)éthanolate de sodium (fr); 1-(3,4-diidro-6-metil-2,4-diosso-2H-piran-3-iliden)etanolato di sodio (it); 1-(3,4-diidro-6-metil-2,4-dioxo-2H-pirano-3-ilideno)etanolato de sódio (pt); 1-(3,4-διυδρο-6-μεθυλο-2,4-διοξο-2H-πυραν-3-υλιδεν)αιθυλικό νάτριο (el); 3-acetyl-6-methyltetrahydropyran-2,4-dion, sodná sůl (cs); 3-acetylo-6-metylo-4-okso-4H-piran-2-olan sodu (pl); dehidracetato de sódio (pt); dehidracetato sódico (es); dehydracetová kyselina, sodná sůl (cs); dehydrooctan sodu (pl); deidracetato di sodio (it); déhydroacétate de sodium (fr); Naatrium-1-(3,4-dihüdro-6-metüül-2,4-diokso-2H-püraan-3-ülideen)etonolaat (et); Naatriumdehüdroatsetaat (et); natrijev 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-diokso-2H-piran-3-iliden)etonolat (hr); natrijev 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-diokso-2H-piran-3-iliden)etanolat (sl); natrijev dehidracetat (hr); natrijev dehidroacetat (sl) ; natrio 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-diokso-2H-piran-3-iliden)etanoliatas (lt); natrio dehidracetatas (lt); natrium dehydracetaat (nl); natrium dehydracetat (da); natrium-1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylideen)ethanolaat (nl); natrium-1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-yliden)ethanolat (da); natrium-1-(3,4-dihydro-6-metyl-2,4-diokso-2H-pyran-3-yliden)etanolat (no); natrium-1-(3,4-dihydro-6-metyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-yliden)etanolat (sv); natriumdehydracetat (no); Natriumdehydroasetaatti (fi); nátrium-1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-dioxo-2H-pirán-3-Ilidén)-etanolát (hu); nátrium-3-acetyl-4-oxo-6-metyl-4H-pyrán-2-olát (sk); nátrium-dehidracetát (hu); nātrija 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-diokso-2H-pirān-3-ilidēn)etonolāts (lv); nātrija dehidracetāts (lv) ; sodiu 1-(3,4-dihidro-6-metil-2,4-dioxo-2H-piran-3-iliden)etonolat (ro); sodiu dehidracetat (ro); δεϋδροξικό νάτριο (el); натриев дехидрацетат (bg); натриев-1-(3,4-дихидро-6-метил-2,4-диоксо-2H-пиран-3-илиден)eтанолат (bg) CAS names 2H-Pyran-2,4(3H)-dione, 3-acetyl-6-methyl-, ion(1-), sodium (1:1) 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate sodium sodium (1E)-1-(6-methyl-2,4-dioxopyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3ylidene)ethanolate sodium 1-(6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3(4H)-ylidene)ethanolate sodium 1-(6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-pyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate sodium 3-acetyl-6-methylpyran-3-ide-2,4-dione Sodium dehydracetate, Dehydroacetic acid sodium salt, 3-(1-Hydroxyethylidene)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione sodium salt; 1-(6-Méthyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3(4H)-ylidène)éthanolate de sodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name] 224-580-1 [EINECS] 2H-Pyran-2,4(3H)-dione, 3-(1-hydroxyethylidene)-6-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name] 4418-26-2 [RN] Natrium-1-(6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3(4H)-yliden)ethanolat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Sodium 1-(6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3(4H)-ylidene)ethanolate [ACD/IUPAC Name] Sodium dehydroacetate Sodium 1-(3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-pyran-3-ylidene)ethanolate

cas no 7789-12-0 Dichromic acid disodium aalt dihydrate; Sodium dichromate dihydrate; Disodium dichromate dihydrate; Sodium dichromate; Natriumdichromat (German); Dicromato de sodio (Spanish); Dichromate de sodium (French); Sodio (dicromato di) (Italian);

SODIUM DILAURETH-7 CITRATE, Nom INCI : SODIUM DILAURETH-7 CITRATE. Classification : Composé éthoxylé. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 128-04-1 Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate; Carbam-S; SDDC; Dimethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt; Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid sodium salt; Methyl namate; N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt; N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid sodium salt; Sodam; Sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate; Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate; Sodium dimethylaminecarbodithioate; Sodium dimethylaminocarbodithioate; Sodium dimethylcarbamodithioate; Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate; Thiostop N;

SODIUM DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE Dimethyldithiocarbamate Chemical structure of the dimethyldithiocarbamate anion Dimethyldithiocarbamate is the organosulfur anion with the formula (CH3)2NCS2−. It is one of the simplest organic dithiocarbamate. Uses It is a component of various pesticides and rubber chemicals in the form of its salts sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, and potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate) as well as its complexes zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate, and nickel bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate). Oxidation gives thiram. Properties Related Categories Building Blocks, Chemical Synthesis, Organic Building Blocks, Sulfur Compounds, Thiocarbonyl Compounds Molecular Weight of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 143.21 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 2 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Rotatable Bond Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Exact Mass of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 142.983936 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Monoisotopic Mass of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 142.983936 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Topological Polar Surface Area of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 36.3 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Heavy Atom Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 7 Computed by PubChem Formal Charge of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Complexity of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 64 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18) Isotope Atom Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 0 Computed by PubChem Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate: 2 Computed by PubChem Compound of Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate Is Canonicalized Yes Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate act as materials preservatives for fuels, metalworking fluids, paints, coatings, adhesives, cloth, and paper/paperboard; they act as antifoulants/slimicides in a variety of liquids including industrial/commercial cooling water, air washer water, sugar mill pulp/process water, marine heat exchangers, gas/oil recovery fluid, industrial wastewater treatment systems, industrial water purification systems, reverse osmosis water systems, and pasteurizer cooling water. Their main uses are as antifoulants in industrial cooling and air washer water systems, as well as pulp and paper mills and gas/oil drilling muds. Product description SDDC (Sodium Dimethyldithiocarbamate) is a yellowish aqueous solution and is used in the following applications: Biocide for paper mills, sugar mills, water treatment, leather industry Heavy metal scavenger Applications/uses Water treatment industrial . Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, is used to aid the precipitation of metals in industrial wastewater treatment and pretreatment systems. When used appropriately it can effectively enhance the removal of some difficult to treat pollutants, without impacting the environment or POTW operations. However, sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate is toxic to aquatic life and can combine to form, or break down to, a number of other toxic chemicals, including thiram (an EPA registered fungicide) and other thiurams, other dithiocarbamates, carbon disulfide, and dimethylamine. Thiram is known to be toxic to aquatic life at the following levels: LC50 less than 10 :g/l (parts per billion) including some less than 1 :g/l for several varieties of catfish, carp, rainbow trout, daphnia, and harlequinfish; LC50 between 10 and 100 ug/l in other studies Occurence(s)/Use(s) Herbicide, biocide (cutting oils and aqueous systems), coagulant, vulcanizing agent, chelating agent; water treatment (precipitate heavy metal ions); stops polymerization of synthetic latexes in rubber Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate Agent Name Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate CAS Number 128-04-1 Formula C3-H6-N-S2.Na Major Category Pesticides Sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate formula graphical representation Synonyms Aceto SDD 40; Alcobam NM; Amersep MP 3R; Brogdex 555; Carbam S; Carbam-S; DDC; DMDK; Diaprosim AB 13; Dibam; Dibam A; Dimethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt; Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, sodium salt; Diram; MSL; MSL (carbamate); MetalPlex 143; Methyl namate; N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamate sodium salt; N,N-Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, sodium salt; Nalmet A 1; Nocceler S; SDDC; Sanceler S; Sdmdtc; Sharstop 204; Sodam; Sodium N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate; Sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate; Sodium dimethylaminecarbodithioate; Sodium dimethylaminocarbodithioate; Sodium dimethylcarbamodithioate; Sta-Fresh 615; Steriseal liquid #40; Thiostop N; Vinditat; Vinstop; Vulnopol NM; Wing Stop B; Carbamic acid, dimethyldithio-, sodium salt; [ChemIDplus] Category Dithiocarbamates (Pesticide) Description 40% aqueous solution: Yellow liquid; [HSDB] Off-white to cream colored flakes; [MSDSonline] Sources/Uses Used as a disinfectant, corrosion inhibitor, coagulant, vulcanizing agent, chelating agent, fungicide, and biocide (paints, cutting oils, water treatment, leather tanning, and paper manufacturing); [HSDB] Comments May cause irritation; [MSDSonline] Several of the dialkyldithiocarbamates are known skin sensitizers.

Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent nettoyant, agent dispersant; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. CAS names; Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt (1:1); SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE, N° CAS : 25155-30-0, Nom INCI : SODIUM DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE, Nom chimique : Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 246-680-4. Classification : Tensioactif anionique. Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile).Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : BENZENESULFONIC ACID, DODECYL-, SODIUM SALT; DODECYL BENZENE SULFONATE DE SODIUM; DODECYL BENZENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; DODECYLBENZENE SULFONATE DE SODIUM; DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE DE SODIUM; DODECYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT; Dodécylbenzènesulfonate de sodium; Sel de sodium de l'acide dodécylbenzènesulfonique; SEL SODIQUE DE L'ACIDE DODECYLBENZENESULFONIQUE; SODIUM DODECYL BENZENE SULFONATE; Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; SODIUM LAURYLBENZENESULFONATE; SODIUM, DODECYL BENZENE SULFONATE DE ; SODIUM, DODECYLBENZENE SULFONATE DE; SODIUM, DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE DE. Noms anglais : Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent nettoyant, agent dispersant; Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. CAS names; Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt (1:1); : alkylarylsulphonates; Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt; Dodecene-1 LAS (JIS K 3363-1990) ; Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, sodium salt; DUBAROL; sodium 2-dodecylbenzene-1-sulfonate; SODIUM 2-DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE; Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate; sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate; sodium dodecylbenzenesufonate; Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate (Sodium Alkylbenzenesulfonate C10-C13); Sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate; Sodiumdodecylbenzenesulfonate; Tetrapropylenbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt ; Trade names: Alkyl(C12)benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; Dodecylbenzene sodium sulfonate; dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; Na-C12 LAS; SDBS; Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulphonate; sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate; Sodium laurylbenzenesulfonate; sodium linear C12 Alkylbenzene sulfonate; Sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name] ; 218-654-2 [EINECS]; 25155-30-0 [RN]; 4171051; 4-Dodécylbenzènesulfonate de sodium [French] ; 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; benzenesulfonic acid, 4-dodecyl-, sodium salt ; Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-dodecyl-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; DB6825000; MFCD00011508; Natrium-4-dodecylbenzolsulfonat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; SDBS; sodium 4-dodecylbenzenesulphonate; sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate; sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; sodium para-dodecylbenzene sulfonate; SODIUM P-DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE ; 11067-82-6 [RN]; 4-(2-dodecyl)benzene sulfonate sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid,4-dodecyl-, sodium salt (1:1); Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; DODECYLBENZENESODIUMSULFONATE; EINECS 218-654-2; P-DODECYLBENZENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; sodium 4-dodecylbenzene-1-sulfonate; sodium 4-laurylbenzenesulfonate

CAS Number: 151-21-3
IUPAC name: Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Chemical formula: C12H25NaSO4
Molar mass: 288.372 g
EC Number: 205-788-1

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3Na.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products.
This compound is the sodium salt of the 12-carbon an organosulfate.
Sodium dodecyl sulfates hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is also component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical,
and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations.

Physicochemical properties
The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in water at 25 °C is 8.2 mM, and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 62.
The micelle ionization fraction (α) is around 0.3 (or 30%).

Applications
Cleaning and hygiene
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car exterior cleaners.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a component in hand soap, toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and bubble bath formulations, for its ability to create a foam (lather), for its surfactant properties, and in part for its thickening effect.

Food additive
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, appearing as its synonym Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS), is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the USFDA (21 CFR 172.822).


Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid.
As an emulsifier in or with egg whites the United States Code of Federal Regulations require that it must not exceed 1,000 parts per million (0.1%) in egg white solids or 125 parts per million (0.0125%) in frozen or liquid egg whites and as a whipping agent for the preparation of marshmallows it must not exceed 0.5% of the weight of gelatine.
SLS is reported to temporarily diminish perception of sweetness.

Laboratory applications
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in cleaning procedures, and is commonly used as a component for lysing cells during RNA extraction and/or DNA extraction, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for electrophoresis in the Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE technique.


Denaturation of a protein using Sodium dodecyl sulfate
In the case of Sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, the compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, and so denaturing them, i.e. causing the protein molecules to lose their native conformations and shapes.

By binding to proteins at a ratio of one Sodium dodecyl sulfate molecule per 2 amino acid residues, the negatively charged detergent provides all proteins with a similar net negative charge and therefore a similar charge-to-mass ratio.
In this way, the difference in mobility of the polypeptide chains in the gel can be attributed solely to their length as opposed to both their native charge and shape.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is possible to make separation based on the size of the polypeptide chain to simplify the analysis of protein molecules, this can be achieved by denaturing proteins with the detergent Sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Pharma applications
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a widely used in the pharmaceutical field as an ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is suitable for applications in liquid dispersions, solutions, emulsions and micro emulsions, tablets, foams and semi-solids such as creams, lotions and gels.

Additionally, SLS aids in tablet wettability, as well as lubrication during manufacturing. Brand names of pharma-grade SLS include Kolliphor SLS and Kolliphor SLS Fine.

Miscellaneous applications
SLS is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy.
The technique, which has been branded as CLARSodium dodecyl sulfate, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using Sodium dodecyl sulfate to eliminate light scattering with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent.

Along with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and Triton X-100, aqueous solutions of Sodium dodecyl sulfate are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes.

Niche uses
SLS has been proposed as a potentially effective topical microbicide, for intravaginal use, to inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various enveloped and non-enveloped viruses such as the herpes simplex viruses, HIV, and the Semliki Forest virus.

Liquid membranes formed from Sodium dodecyl sulfate in water have been demonstrated to work as unusual particle separators.
The device acts as a reverse filter, allowing large particles to pass while capturing smaller particles.

Production
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide, oleum, or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate.
Lauryl alcohol can be used in pure form or as a mixtures of fatty alcohols.

When produced from these sources, "Sodium dodecyl sulfate" products are a mixture of various sodium alkyl sulfates with Sodium dodecyl sulfate being the main component.
For instance, Sodium dodecyl sulfate is a component, along with other chain-length amphiphiles, when produced from coconut oil, and is known as sodium coco sulfate (SCS).

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is available commercially in powder, pellet, and other forms (each differing in rates of dissolution), as well as in aqueous solutions of varying concentrations.

Safety
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is not carcinogenic.
Like all detergents, Sodium dodecyl sulfate removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate has been shown to irritate the skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate may worsen skin problems in individuals with chronic skin hypersensitivity, with some people being affected more than others.

Oral concerns
The low cost of Sodium dodecyl sulfate, its lack of impact on taste, its potential impact on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which contribute to malodorous breath, and its desirable action as a foaming agent have led to the use of Sodium dodecyl sulfate in the formulations of toothpastes.

A series of small crossover studies (25–34 patients) have supported the efficacy of SLS in the reduction of VSCs, and its related positive impact on breath malodor, although these studies have been generally noted to reflect technical challenges in the control of study design variables.

While primary sources from the group of Irma Rantanen at University of Turku, Finland conclude an impact on dry mouth (xerostomia) from SLS-containing pastes, a 2011 Cochrane review of these studies, and of the more general area, concludes that there "is no strong evidence… that any topical therapy is effective for relieving the symptom of dry mouth".

A safety concern has been raised on the basis of several studies regarding the effect of toothpaste Sodium dodecyl sulfate on aphthous ulcers, commonly referred to as canker or white sores.
A consensus regarding practice (or change in practice) has not appeared as a result of the studies.

As Lippert notes, of 2013, "very few… marketed toothpastes contain a surfactant other than Sodium dodecyl sulfate," and leading manufacturers continue to formulate their produce with Sodium dodecyl sulfate.

Appearance: White or cream-colored crystals, flakes, or powder
Odor: Faint odor of fatty substances
Density: 1.01 g/cm3
Melting point: 206 °c
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 12
Exact Mass: 288.13712473
Monoisotopic Mass: 288.13712473
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.8 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 18
Complexity: 249
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

About Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 to < 100 000 tonnes per annum.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses of Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, coating products, plant protection products, adhesives and sealants, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, air care products, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.

Other release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Article service life of Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Other release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials). Sodium dodecyl sulfate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines). Sodium dodecyl sulfate can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, plant protection products and polymers.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following areas: building & construction work and agriculture, forestry and fishing.

Other release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Formulation or re-packing of Sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, washing & cleaning products, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes and polymers.
Release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Uses of Sodium dodecyl sulfate at industrial sites
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products and washing & cleaning products.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, chemicals and rubber products.

Release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and for thermoplastic manufacture.

Other release to the environment of Sodium dodecyl sulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic surfactant naturally derived from coconut and/or palm kernel oil.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate usually consists of a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions and is used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, and detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is also used in creams and pastes to properly disperse the ingredients and as research tool in protein biochemistry. SLS also has some microbicidal activity.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is used as a surfactant in shampoos and toothpastes.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate also has microbicidal activities against both enveloped (Herpes simplex viruses, HIV-1, Semliki Forest virus) and nonenveloped (papillomaviruses, reovirus, rotavirus and poliovirus) viruses, although it has not been approved for this use.

Like other surfactants, Sodium dodecyl sulfate is amphiphilic.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate thus migrates to the surface of liquids, where its alignment and aggregation with other Sodium dodecyl sulfate molecules lowers the surface tension. This allows for easier spreading and mixing of the liquid.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate has potent protein denaturing activity and inhibits the infectivity of viruses by by solubilizing the viral envelope and/or by denaturing envelope and/or capsid proteins.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate is an organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate has a role as a detergent and a protein denaturant.

Dodecyl sulfate, [sodium salt] appears as white to pale yellow paste or liquid with a mild odor.
Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.

Features of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (Lauryl):
Popular anionic detergent for a variety of protein methods Especially useful for denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
Common component of cell lysis buffers

This lauryl-grade sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a popular anionic detergent for routine protein electrophoresis and cell lysis methods. The formulation is a mixture of several different alkyl sulfate chain lengths (C10 to C18).

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate) also called SDS (= sodium dodecyl sulfate), is an anionic surfactant that is used as a detergent, eg. in detergents or toothpaste.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate is also used as a denaturant for proteins, and is mainly used in biochemistry and biotechnology.
The effect on proteins is based on breaking non-covalent bonds of the proteins and thus destroying their quaternary and tertiary structure.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) is an anionic detergent that denatures secondary and nondisulfide-linked tertiary protein structure, shattering the native shape.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate provides a negative charge to each protein as a function of their size.

Accordingly, all of proteins have the same shape in the gel separation they are separated only for their size. Furthermore, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate can be used to aid in lysing cell during DNA extraction.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is what’s known as a “surfactant”.
This means it lowers the surface tension between ingredients, which is why it’s used as a cleansing and foaming agent.

Most concerns about Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate stem from the fact that it can be found in beauty and self-care products as well as in household cleaners.

Grooming products, such as shaving cream, lip balm, hand sanitizer, nail treatments, makeup remover, foundation, facial cleansers, exfoliants, and liquid hand soap

Hair products, such as shampoo, conditioner, hair dye, dandruff treatment, and styling gel

Dental care products, such as toothpaste, teeth whitening products, and mouthwash

Bath products, such as bath oils or salts, body wash, and bubble bath

Creams and lotions, such as hand cream, masks, anti-itch creams, hair-removal products, and sunscreen

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) is a surfactant, which basically means it has an effect on the surfaces it touches. It’s used in a variety of products such as food thickeners, toothpaste, and floor cleaners.

Uses of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
All the soaps and cleaning products that you use are a mix of water and oil.
But they don’t mix together on their own.

Instead, surfactants bring them together.
Soap's cleaning power comes from the bonded oil and water molecules rubbing against dirt and grease.

That is why so many products have surfactants in them.
They blend the ingredients that make cleaning happen.‌

Sodium lauryl sulfate is very easy and inexpensive to make, and it works well in many situations. You'll see it listed as an ingredient in common products found in the home and in the workplace. ‌

Personal Products. These include things like:

Body wash
Hand soap
Facial cleaner
Bubble bath
Toothpaste
Shampoo

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also a foaming agent.
Many of these products use Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate to give a foaming action during the cleaning process.
If you have a foaming face wash or are working up a good lather with your shampoo, you're probably using something with SLS.‌

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate’s ability to break down oil and grease lends itself well to industrial products.
You can find it in household cleaning products as well as engine cleaners and industrial-strength soaps. ‌

You may see Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate used in certain foods you eat, within limits approved by the FDA.
As a food additive, SLS can make marshmallows fluffier and dried egg products lighter.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate helps mix citrus and other acidic liquids with water to make fruit drinks.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS), also known as Sodium lauryl sulfate, is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetics, and personal care products.
The sodiumclauryl sulfate formula is a highly effective anionic surfactant used to remove oily stains and residues.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is found in high concentrations in industrial products, including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash products, where workplace protections can be implemented to avoid unsafe exposures.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is also used in lower concentrations in household and personal care products such as cleaning products, toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate has been an ingredient in shampoos since the 1930s.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate works as a surfactant, trapping oil and dirt in hair so it can rinse away with water.

Personal Care Products
An effective foaming agent, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate can help create a rich lather in products like body and hand wash, facial cleansers and bubble.
Likewise, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate helps create the foaming action in toothpaste and also helps remove food particles from teeth.

Cleaning Products
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is an effective surfactant used in household cleaning products to help remove oily stains and residues, such as food stains in carpets.
Because of its ability to break down oil and grease, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate also is an ingredient in many industrial cleaning products, such as engine degreasers and industrial strength detergents.

Food Additive
As a food additive, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is used as an emulsifier or thickener.
For example, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate helps make marshmallows and dried egg products light and fluffy.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate also helps acids mix better with liquids, for example in fruit juices and punches.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is frequently used as a surfactant, or foaming agent.
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate may also serve as an emulsifier, helping oil based and water based ingredients to stay mixed.
In many of our toothpastes SLS is used as a surfactant and helps to properly disperse the ingredients during brushing, and ensures easy rinsing and removal of debris (i.e. food particles).

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate may be derived from either petroleum based or vegetable based sources.
The oils can be split into glycerin and the component fatty acids, one of which is lauric acid.
The lauric acid is isolated and then hydrogenated to form the lauryl alcohol.

Alternately, the whole oil can be esterified and then hydrogenated to form the fatty alcohols of which lauryl alcohol would be isolated by fractionation.
The lauryl alcohol is then combined with sulfur which then forms the salt, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate.

Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate is a cleansing agent known for being too good at the job and potentially irritating the skin.
But, on the positive side, it can produce copious, creamy and luxurious foam compared to the more gentle and thus nowadays much more commonly used Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate.

In fact, SLS is so good at irritating the skin that it is very commonly used in dermatological studies just for that. It is a so-called "primary irritant", a substance that irritates the skin in one go (without prior sensitization) but doesn't do any other big harm (such as being carcinogenic or systematically toxic - those claims are not true).
Also, the formula can greatly influence the irritating potential of SLS, and mixing it with other cleaning agents makes it milder.

If it's not in a cleanser, it works as an emulsifier or even as a penetration enhancer for active materials.

Synonyms:
151-21-3
SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE
Sodium dodecylsulfate
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Sodium dodecyl sulphate
Dodecyl sodium sulfate
Neutrazyme
Sodium n-dodecyl sulfate
Irium
Dodecyl sulfate sodium salt
Dodecyl sulfate, sodium salt
Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt
Anticerumen
Duponal
Duponol
Gardinol
Dreft
Aquarex methyl
Duponol methyl
Solsol needles
Stepanol methyl
Duponol waqa
Stepanol wac
Stepanol waq
Duponol qx
Richonol af
Perlandrol L
Perlankrol L
Sipex sb
Sipex sd
Standapol wa-ac
Stepanol me dry
Duponol Me
Richonol A
Richonol C
Sintapon L
Duponol C
Maprofix LK
Standapol WAQ
Stepanol ME
Stepanol WA
Akyposal SDS
Carsonol SLS
Maprobix NEU
Maprofix NEU
Maprofix WAC
Aquarex ME
Dupanol WAQ
Duponol QC
Duponol WA
Duponol WA dry
Duponol WAQ
Empicol LPZ
Hexamol SLS
Melanol CL
Duponal WAQE
Duponol WAQE
Duponol WAQM
Lanette Wax-S
Sterling wa paste
Conco sulfate WA
Conco sulfate WN
Nikkol SLS
Orvus WA Paste
Sipex OP
Sipex SP
Sipex UB
Sipon LS
Sipon PD
Sipon WD
Detergent 66
Montopol La Paste
Sipon LSB
Maprofix WAC-LA
Sterling WAQ-CH
Cycloryl 21
Cycloryl 31
Stepanol WA Paste
Conco Sulfate WAG
Conco Sulfate WAN
Conco Sulfate WAS
Quolac EX-UB
Odoripon Al 95
Avirol 118 conc
Cycloryl 580
Cycloryl 585N
Lauryl sulfate sodium salt
Lauyl sodium sulfate
Maprofix 563
Sinnopon LS 95
Stepanol T 28
Steinapol NLS 90
Empicol LS 30
Empicol LX 28
Lauryl sodium sulfate
Melanol CL 30
NALS
Rewopol NLS 30
Standapol waq special
Standapol was 100
Sinnopon LS 100
Stepanol WA-100
Carsonol SLS Special
Standapol 112 conc
Stepanol ME Dry AW
Avirol 101
Emersal 6400
Monogen Y 100
Carsonol SLS Paste B
sodium;dodecyl sulfate
Stepanol methyl dry aw
Berol 452
Emal 10
EMAL O
Sipon LS 100
n-Dodecyl sulfate sodium
Sodium monolauryl sulfate
Monododecyl sodium sulfate
Sodiumlauryl ether sulfate
Conco sulfate WA-1200
Conco sulfate WA-1245
Dehydag sulfate GL emulsion
Product no. 75
Product no. 161
MFCD00036175
Emulsifier no. 104
CHEBI:8984
UNII-368GB5141J
P and G Emulsifier 104
Sodium lauryl sulfate ether
Sodium Laurylsulfate
Sulfuric acid monododecyl ester sodium salt (1:1)
SLS
Texapon K 1296
NCI-C50191
Laurylsulfuric Acid Sodium Salt
Natriumalkyl(C8-C20)-sulfate
Dodecyl alcohol, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt
Dodecylsulfuric Acid Sodium Salt
Finasol osr2
Incronol SLS
Natriumlaurylsulfat
368GB5141J
NSC-402488
NCGC00091020-03
E487
Jordanol SL-300
Finasol osr(sub 2)
Dodecyl sulfate sodium
Monagen Y 100
Perklankrol ESD 60
Caswell No. 779
Natrium laurylsulfuricum
DSSTox_CID_6031
DSSTox_RID_77989
Sodium monododecyl sulfate
DSSTox_GSID_26031
12738-53-3
12765-21-8
1334-67-4
Laurylsiran sodny [Czech]
Lauryl sulfate, sodium salt
Dehydrag sulfate gl emulsion
Dehydag sulphate GL emulsion
Laurylsiran sodny
Rhodapon UB
Sodium lauryl sulfate 30%
sodiumdodecylsulfate
CAS-151-21-3
CCRIS 6272
Lauryl sulfate sodium
HSDB 1315
Sodium lauryl sulfate, dental grade
EINECS 205-788-1
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079011
NSC 402488
CP 75424
Empicol
AI3-00356
Sodium lauryl sulfate [JAN:NF]
sodiumlauryl sulfate
Sodium laurilsulfate
sodium dodecylsulphate
Sodium dedecyl sulfate
Sodium-dodecyl-S-SDS
IPC-SDS
sodium n-dodecyl sulphate
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate NF
lauryl sulphate sodium salt
EC 205-788-1
dodecyl sulphate sodium salt
SCHEMBL1102
C12H25NaO4S
sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)
CHEMBL23393
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, 99%
sodium dodecyl sulphate (sds)
sodium 2-dodecoxyethyl sulfate
Sodium dodecyl sulphate solution
DTXSID1026031
dodecyl sulfuric acid sodium salt
Dodecyl sulphuric acid sodium salt
Sodium lauryl sulfate (JP17/NF)
BCP30594
CS-B1770
Tox21_111059
Tox21_201614
Tox21_300149
BDBM50530482
AKOS015897278
AKOS025147308
Tox21_111059_1
DB00815
Dodecyl sulfuric acid ester sodium salt
NCGC00091020-01
NCGC00091020-02
NCGC00254225-01
NCGC00259163-01
NCGC00274082-01
AS-14730
M361
Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Salt (25% Aq.)
D1403
FT-0603358
FT-0700721
I0352
S0588
D01045
F16341
S-4600
S-4601
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, 10% solution in water
SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE BIOTECH GRD 100G
Q422241
Sodium n-dodecyl sulfate, 98%, for electrophoresis
Sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 20% aqueous solution
F0001-0539
Z169572898

SODIUM DODOXYNOL-40 SULFATE Nom INCI : SODIUM DODOXYNOL-40 SULFATE Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 6381-77-7 Isoascorbic acid, sodium salt; D-Araboascorbic acid, monosodium salt; D-erythro-Hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone, monosodium salt; Erythorbic Acid Monosodium Salt; Monosodium erythorbate; Neo-cebitate; 2,3-Didehydro-3-O-sodio- D-erythro- hexono-1,4-Lactone; 2,3-Didehidro-3-O-sodio-D- eritro-hexono- 1,4-Lactona: 2,3-Didéhydro-3-O-sodio-D- érythro-hexono-1,4-Lactone; Sodium D-araboascorbate; sodium D-isoascorbate;

SYNONYMS Isoascorbic acid, sodium salt; D-Araboascorbic acid, monosodium salt; D-erythro-Hex-2-enonic acid, gamma-lactone, monosodium salt; Erythorbic Acid Monosodium Salt; Monosodium erythorbate; Neo-cebitate; 2,3-Didehydro-3-O-sodio- D-erythro- hexono-1,4-Lactone; 2,3-Didehidro-3-O-sodio-D- eritro-hexono- 1,4-Lactona: 2,3-Didéhydro-3-O-sodio-D- érythro-hexono-1,4-Lactone; Sodium D-araboascorbate; sodium D-isoascorbate; CAS NO. 6381-77-7

ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN EthylParabenSodium ETHYL4-HYDROBENZOATESODIUMSALT BENZOICACID,PARA-HYDROXY-,ETHYLESTER,SODIUMSALT 4-(Sodiooxy)benzoic acid ethyl ester 4-Sodiooxybenzoic acid ethyl ester CAS :35285-68-8

Chemical name Sodium Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate 35285-68-8Sodium Ethylparaben Sodium Ethyl paraben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Nipagin A Sodium is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Nipagin A Sodium is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. EC / List no.: 252-487-6 CAS no.: 35285-68-8 Mol. formula: C9H9NaO3 Sodium Ethyl P-hydroxybenzoate Odor: characteristic Use: Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate is widely used in food and pharmaceutical and textile industry for its antiseptic property. Sodium Ethylparaben is also can be used in industries such as cosmetics, feed and so on. Synonyms: benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium deriv. ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ethylparaben sodium ethylparaben, sodium salt 4- hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt sodium 4-ethoxycarbonyl phenoxide sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide sodium ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium ethyl paraben sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Synonym: Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt, Ethylparaben sodium salt Sodium Ethyl paraben is a Sodium salt of ethylparaben Sodium Ethylparaben uses and applications include: Antimicrobial, preservative, bactericide, fungicide for foods, beer, pharmaceuticals; preservative in cosmetics Sodium Ethylparaben is a water-soluble antiseptic mainly used as a safe, high efficiency, broad-spectrum antibiotic for cosmetics. Sodium Ethyl paraben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries. INCI designation Sodium Ethylparaben. Product properties *) Appearance: White powder Chemical and physical data pH 9.5- 10.5 Water content: max. 5.0 % Assay by non aqueous titration: 99 - 102 % Uses: Sodium Ethyl paraben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Ethyl paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Sodium Ethylparaben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. The recommended use level of Nipagin A Sodium to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. The Paraben esters have many advantages as preservatives,like broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, effective at low use concentrations, compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, colourless, odourless, well documented toxicological and dermatological acceptability based on human experience (used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals since 1930ies), p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and a number of its esters occur naturally in a variety of plants and animals, stable and effective over a wide pH- range, etc. The Sodium Parabens, like Sodium Ethylparaben have several additional advantages: - Nipagin A Sodium is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition. - No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy. - Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH. Applications: Sodium Ethylparaben is designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Ethylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative, like Nipaguard DMDMH might be necessary to add as Sodium Ethylparaben provides a higher efficacy against fungi than against bacteria. Solubility Water up to 50 % Sodium Ethylparaben SINGLE PRESERVATIVE Sodium Ethylparaben is a highly water-soluble short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. The major benefit offered by the sodium salts is their high solubility in cold water, thereby enabling the introduction of parabens without heating or pre-dissolving in solvents. Benefits Sodium Ethylparaben has high solubility in cold water Sodium Ethylparaben performs broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi Sodium Ethylparaben shows effectiveness at low concentrations Sodium Ethylparaben has stability over a broad pH-range Water-soluble Biodegradability at environmental concentrations Global acceptance in personal care applications Ethylparaben Sodium, also known as Ethyl paraben or Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, can be used as a food additive and as an antifungal preservative Incorporation: Sodium Ethylparaben is highly soluble in water and so easily incorporated into cosmetic formulations. It is important to note that, whilst the aqueous solubility in alkaline solution is high, if the pH of the formulated product is acidic the sodium salt reverts to the ester and the low solubility is regained. Microbial activity: Sodium Ethylparaben has a broad spectrum of activity which includes the following common spoilage organisms. Microorganisms MIC level (%) Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.113 Escherichia coli 0.056 Klebsiella pneumoniae 0.056 Serratia marcescens 0.056 Proteus vulgaris 0.068 Salmonella enteritidis 0.046 Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus 0.079 Streptococcus haemolyticus 0.068 Bacillus cereus 0.028 Yeasts Candida albicans 0.079 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0.056 Molds Aspergillus niger 0.045 Technical Data Appearance :Powder Active Substance (ca.): 100% INCI-Name: Sodium Ethylparaben Applications Aqueous concentrates may be prepared up to 40% in strength. The concentrate may then be added to the process, preferably slowly and with rapid mixing. Due to the high pH of aqueous solutions of sodium parabens, the pH of the final product requires adjustment. The aqueous solution should be used within a short time of preparation as prolonged storage will result in alkaline hydrolysis of the esters. It is important to note that, at the target pH of the formulation, the parabens will exist as the free esters and not as salts and, therefore, the solubility will also be that of the free esters. Use of the sodium salts will facilitate introduction of the parabens; it will not allow higher concentrations to be used compared with the free esters. pH stability: Sodium Ethylparaben remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 3.0- 11.0. Aqueous solutions of Nipagin A Sodium are not long- term stable at alkaline pH. Temperature stability The recommended maximum handling temperature is 80°C. Storage instructions Sodium Ethylparaben is stable in sealed original containers. Further information on handling, storage and dispatch is given in the EC safety data sheet. Sodium Ethylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. It is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. This product is highly soluble in cold water, which adds to its ease of addition to formulations. Sodium Ethylparaben. Sodium Ethyl paraben provides a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria & fungi. Sodium Ethyl paraben is a short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. Sodium Ethylparaben offers high solubility in cold water, low order of toxicity and stability over a broad pH-range. Sodium Ethylparaben exhibits effectiveness at low concentrations. Sodium Ethylparaben shows good biodegradability at environmental concentrations. Sodium Ethylparaben is used in all kinds of personal care products. Parabene Product description Parabens - esters of the para-hydroxybenzoic acid, are used as preservatives for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics as well as food applications due to their effective antibacterial and fungicidal properties. The grades comply to different pharmaceutical standards as EP, BP or USP. More products available upon request. INCI CAS Methyl Paraben 99-76-3 Sodium Methyl Paraben 5026-62-0 Propyl Paraben 94-13-3 Sodium Propyl Paraben 35285-69-9 Ethyl Paraben 120-47-8 Sodium Ethyl Paraben 35285-68-8 Butyl Paraben 94-26-8 Preservative for the cosmetic industry. Sodium Ethyl p-Hydroxybenzoate, designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative might be necessary to add as it provides a higher efficacy against fungi than against bacteria. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. Sodium Ethyl Paraben's usage level to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. Sodium Ethyl Paraben is soluble in cold water for ease; No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy; Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH.pH stability; remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 3.0- 11.0. Aqueous solutions are not long- term stable at alkaline pH.max. temperature 80°C. This substance is one of the parabens family. Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid and an alcohol. They are largely used as biocides in cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food. They have synergistic power with biocides. Parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in chronic dermatitis and wounded skin. • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt • SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE • SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE • sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide • benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt • Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. • ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT • ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT • ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT • 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt • SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN • EthylParabenSodium • ETHYL4-HYDROBENZOATESODIUMSALT • BENZOICACID,PARA-HYDROXY-,ETHYLESTER,SODIUMSALT • 4-(Sodiooxy)benzoic acid ethyl ester • 4-Sodiooxybenzoic acid ethyl ester • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt,sodium salt • Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate • Benzoic acid,4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodiuM salt (1:1) • Sodium Ethyl-p-hydroxyl Benzoate • 35285-68-8 • Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl) • p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt fandachem • odium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate • 35285-68-8 • C9H9O3Na • Benzoic acid Series • Aromatic Esters Ethyl Paraben Sodium - Names and Identifiers Name p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt,sodium salt Synonyms p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt SODIUM ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM ETHYL 4-HYDROXYBENZOATE sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide benzoicacid,4-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumsalt Benzoicacid,p-hydroxy-,ethylester,sodiumderiv. ETHYL-P-HYDROXYBENZOATE SODIUM SALT ETHYL-4-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID SODIUM SALT sodium salt Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate,sodium salt Sodium Ethylparaben Ethyl Paraben Sodium sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1) Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate sodium Parabens are a family of related ingredients commonly used as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products. They help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, protecting both products and consumers. Parabens are highly effective and widely used preservatives that enhance the shelf life and safety of products including all types of cosmetics, as well as foods and drugs, and protect the families who trust and enjoy them. The most commonly used parabens in cosmetics are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. Paraben preservatives all share para-hydroxybenzoic acid, or PHBA, as a common chemical structure. PHBA occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables. The parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature, and are quickly eliminated by the body. Any product that contains water is susceptible to being spoiled by the growth of fungi or bacteria, which could cause problems such as discoloration, malodor, or breakdown of the product. Under certain conditions, an inadequately preserved product can become contaminated, allowing harmful levels of microorganisms to grow. Parabens are highly effective preservatives that protect products against such changes, thus enhancing the shelf life and safety of products, and have been used safely for decades. Ethylparaben, also known as e-214 or aseptin a, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzoic acid, which is esterified with an alkyl group and para-substituted with a hydroxyl group. It is used as an antifungal preservative. Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of ethylparaben, has the same uses and is given the E number E215. Ethylparaben is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Its formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3. Ethylparaben is a mild and phenolic tasting compound. Outside of the human body, ethylparaben has been detected, but not quantified in, alcoholic beverages. This could make ethylparaben a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Ethylparaben is a potentially toxic compound. As a food additive, it has E number E214. This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as guaranteeing specific properties of the products described on their suitability for a particular application. Any existing industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our General Conditions of Sale.

Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate, sodium salt; ALKOHOLSULFAT, NA-SALZ I-C8; Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate; sodium (2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE, N° CAS : 126-92-1, Nom INCI : SODIUM ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE. Nom chimique : Sodium etasulfate. N° EINECS/ELINCS : 204-812-8. Classification : Sulfate Ses fonctions (INCI). Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : Ethalsulfate de sodium; ETHALSULFATE SODIQUE; ETHASULFATE SODIUM; ETHYL-2 HEXYLSULFATE DE SODIUM. Noms anglais : 2-ETHYL-1-HEXANOL SODIUM SULFATE ; 2-ETHYLHEXYL SODIUM SULFATE; SODIUM 2-ETHYLHEXYL SULFATE; SODIUM ETASULFATE; SODIUM ETHASULFATE; SULFURIC ACID, MONO(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER, SODIUM SALT; Sodium etasulfate. CAS names: Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt (1:1). : 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sulfate; 2-ethylhexyl hydrogen sulfate; sodium; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate, sodium salt; ALKOHOLSULFAT, NA-SALZ I-C8; Sodium (2-ethylhexyl) alcohol sulfate; sodium (2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium etasulphate; sodium ethasulfate; Sodium-2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Sodium-2-ethylhexylsulphate; sodium;2-ethylhexyl sulfate; Sulfuric acid,mono(2-ethylhexyl)ester,sodium salt; 126-92-1 [RN]; 12838560LI 1487; 204-812-8 [EINECS]; 2-Ethylhexyl sulfate sodium salt; 5177087; étasulfate de sodium ; etasulfato de sodio [Spanish] ; MFCD00042047 [MDL number]; MP0700000; natrii etasulfas [Latin] ; Natrium-2-ethylhexylsulfat [German] ; Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium etasulfate; sodium ethasulfate; Sulfate de sodium et de 2-éthylhexyle [French] ; sulfuric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, sodium salt; Sulfuric acid, 2-ethylhexyl ester, sodium salt (1:1); tergemist; UNII:12838560LI; натрия этасульфат [Russian] ; إيتاسولفات صوديوم [Arabic]; 依他硫酸钠 [Chinese]; 11099-08-4 secondary RN [RN] ; 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt; 1-Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, sulfate, sodium salt; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol hydrogen sulfate sodium salt; 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol sodium sulfate; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol sulfate sodium salt; 2-ethylhexyl hydroxysulfonate, sodium salt; 2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulfate; 2-Ethylhexylsiran sodny [Czech]; 2-Ethylhexylsulfate sodium; 2-Ethylhexylsulphate,sodium salt 75037-31-9 secondary RN [RN]; ammonium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Avirol SA 4106; Carsonol SHS; emcol d 5-10; emersal 6465; Etasulfate de sodium [French]; Etasulfato sodico [Spanish] ; Ethasulfate sodium; Hexanol, 2-ethyl-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt; Lugalvan TC-EHS; Lutensit TC-EHS; Mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate sodium salt; mono(2-ethylhexyl)sulfate sodium salt ; Newcol 1000SN; nia proof 08; Niaproof ; Niaproof 08; Nissan Sintrex EHR; pentrone on; propaste 6708; Rewopol NEHS 40; Rhodapon BOS; Sinolin SO 35; Sintrex EHR; sipex bos ;Sodium (2-Ethylhexyl)Alcohol Sulfate; sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulphate; Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate; Sodium mono(2-ethylhexyl) sulfate; Sodium octyl sulfate, iso-; Sodium(2-ethylhexyl)alcohol sulfate ; sodium; sulfuric acid 2-ethylhexyl ester; sodium-2-ethylhexyl sulfate; sodium2-ethylhexylsulfate; sodiumisooctylsulfate; Sole Tege TS 25; Sulfuric Acid Mono(2-ethylhexyl) Ester Sodium Salt ; Sulfuric acid, mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt; Supralate SP; Tergimist; tergitol 08; Tergitol anionic 08; Tergitol-8; Tergitol-8|Niaproof-8|Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate; Texapon 842; Texapon 890; Witcolate D 5-10. Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate is a low-foaming anionic surfactant with excellent wetting properties and outstanding stability in highly electrolyte, alkaline and acidic systems. It is a profound hydrotropic and wetting agent suitable for use in the production of liquid detergents for household and industrial use such as hard-surface cleaners and alkaline and acid metal degreasers. Owing to its wetting and penetrating properties Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate is used as a mercerizing agent in textile industry, in metal galvanization, pickling and brightening, in lye washing and peeling solutions for fruits and vegetables, in fountain solutions for offset printing, wallpaper removal solutions etc. Sodium 2-ethylhexyl sulfate uses and applications include: Wetting agent for electroplating baths, alkaline textile processing aids, industrial cleaners; coemulsifier for polymerization; viscous control in adhesives; food packaging adhesives; in paperpaperboard in contact with aqueousfatty foods; surfactant, detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, penetrant, stabilizer for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, household and industrial cleaners, metal cleaning, paints, plastics, rubber, food packaging and processing, adhesives; washinglye peeling of fruits and vegetables. product carries excellent wetting, spreading and hydrotropic proterties. This material can tolorate alkanline condition. Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate is mainly applied as wetting agent in alkaline solutions such as in the textile industry. Sodium Ethylhexyl Sulfate can also be added to the aerosol fulmulated product as the spreading agent. Also the material can be used as the hydrotropic agent.

cas no 120-47-87 Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium ethylp-hydroxybenzoate; Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate;

Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN, N° CAS : 35285-68-8. Nom INCI : SODIUM ETHYLPARABEN. Nom chimique : Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 252-487-6; Classification : Paraben, Perturbateur endocrinien suspecté, Règlementé, Conservateur. Ses fonctions (INCI) : Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt; Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt; Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium deriv.; Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ; Ethylparaben sodium; Ethylparaben, sodium salt; Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide; Sodium ethylparaben. CAS names : Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1); : Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoat, Natriumsalz; Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoat, sodium salt; p-Hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt; sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)benzen-1-olate; sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate; sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate; Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate; 252-487-6 [EINECS]; 35285-68-8 [RN]; 4-(Éthoxycarbonyl)phénolate de sodium [French] ; Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1) ; E215; ETHYLPARABEN SODIUM; Natrium-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; p-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt; Sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenolate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium ethylparaben Z0D00IVA10 [35285-68-8] 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl ester, sodium salt 5026-62-0 [RN] Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, ethyl ester, sodium salt Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester, sodium salt BENZOIC ACID, p-HYDROXY-, ETHYL ESTER, SODIUM DERIV. BENZOIC ACID, p-HYDROXY-, METHYL ESTER, SODIUM DERIV. Bonomold OMNa EINECS 225-714-1 EINECS 252-487-6 Ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt ETHYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATESODIUMSALT Ethylparaben sodium salt Ethylparaben, sodium salt Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate sodium salt METHYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE, SODIUM SALT Methylparaben sodium [NF] Methylparaben sodium (NF) Methylparaben sodium [USAN] [USAN] methylparaben, sodium salt MFCD00016475 [MDL number] NIPASEPT SODIUM Preserval MS Sodium [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki] sodium 4-(ethoxycarbonyl)benzen-1-olate SODIUM 4-(ETHOXYCARBONYL)BENZENOLATE Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate [ACD/IUPAC Name] sodium 4-carbethoxyphenolate sodium 4-carbomethoxyphenolate sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Sodium 4-ethoxycarbonylphenoxide sodium 4-methoxycarbonylphenolate sodium and 4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate SODIUM ETHYL PARABEN Sodium Ethyl Parahydroxybenzoate Sodium ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, tech. Sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate Sodium methylparaben Sodium p-methoxycarbonylphenoxide Sodium, (p-carboxyphenoxy)-, methyl ester (7CI) sodium;4-ethoxycarbonylphenolate Solparol ST5405340 UNII:Z0D00IVA10 UNII-F57SQP06GK UNII-Z0D00IVA10

Sodium Formate Sodium formate, HCOONa, is the sodium salt of formic acid, HCOOH. It usually appears as a white deliquescent powder. Properties Chemical formula HCOONa Molar mass 68.007 g/mol Appearance white granules deliquescent Density 1.92 g/cm3 (20 °C) Melting point 253 °C (487 °F; 526 K) Boiling point decomposes Solubility in water 43.82 g/100 mL (0 °C) 97.2 g/100 mL (20 °C) 160 g/100 mL (100 °C) Solubility insoluble in ether soluble in glycerol, alcohol, formic acid Preparation For commercial use, sodium formate is produced by absorbing carbon monoxide under pressure in solid sodium hydroxide at 130 °C and 6-8 bar pressure: CO + NaOH → HCO2Na Because of the low-cost and large-scale availability of formic acid by carbonylation of methanol and hydrolysis of the resulting methyl formate, sodium formate is usually prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium hydroxide. Sodium formate is also unavoidably formed as a by-product in the final step of the pentaerythritol synthesis and in the crossed Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde with the aldol reaction product trimethylol acetaldehyde [3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanal]. In the laboratory, sodium formate can be prepared by neutralizing formic acid with sodium carbonate. It can also be obtained by reacting chloroform with an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide. CHCl3 + 4 NaOH → HCOONa + 3 NaCl + 2 H2O or by reacting sodium hydroxide with chloral hydrate. C2HCl3(OH)2 + NaOH → CHCl3 + HCOONa + H2O The latter method is, in general, preferred to the former because the low aqueous solubility of CHCl3 makes it easier to separate out from the sodium formate solution, by fractional crystallization, than the soluble NaCl would be. Sodium formate may also be created via the haloform reaction between ethanol and sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a base. This procedure is well documented for the preparation of chloroform. Properties Physical properties Sodium formate crystallizes in a monoclinic crystal system with the lattice parameters a = 6,19 Å, b = 6,72 Å, c = 6,49 Å and β = 121,7°.[3] Chemical properties On heating, sodium formate decomposes to form sodium oxalate and hydrogen.[4] The resulting sodium oxalate can be converted by further heating to sodium carbonate upon release of carbon monoxide: As a salt of a weak acid (formic acid) and a strong base (sodium hydroxide) sodium formate reacts in aqueous solutions basic: A solution of formic acid and sodium formate can thus be used as a buffer solution. Sodium formate is slightly water-hazardous and inhibits some species of bacteria but is degraded by others. Uses Sodium formate is used in several fabric dyeing and printing processes. It is also used as a buffering agent for strong mineral acids to increase their pH, as a food additive (E237), and as a de-icing agent. In structural biology, sodium formate can be used as a cryoprotectant for X-ray diffraction experiments on protein crystals,[6] which are typically conducted at a temperature of 100 K to reduce the effects of radiation damage. Sodium formate plays a role in the synthesis of formic acid, it is converted by sulfuric acid via the following reaction equation: Sodium formate is converted with sulfuric acid to formic acid and sodium sulfate. The urticating hair of stinging nettles contain sodium formate as well as formic acid. Solid sodium formate is used as a non-corrosive agent at airports for de-icing of runways in mix with corrosion inhibitors and other additives, which rapidly penetrate solid snow and ice layers, detach them from the asphalt or concrete and melt the ice rapidly. Sodium formate was also used as a road deicer in the city of Ottawa from 1987 to 1988. The high freezing point depression e.g. in comparison to the still frequently used urea (which is effective but problematic due to eutrophication) effectively prevents the re-icing, even at temperatures below −15 °C. The thawing effect of the solid sodium formate can even be increased by moistening with aqueous potassium formate or potassium acetate solutions. The degradability of sodium formate is particularly advantageous with a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 211 mg O2/g compared with the de-icing agents sodium acetate (740 mg O2/g) and urea with (> 2,000 mg O2/g).[8] Saturated sodium formate solutions (as well as mixtures of other alkali metal formates such as potassium and cesium formate) are used as important drilling and stabilizing aids in gas and oil exploration because of their relatively high density. By mixing the corresponding saturated alkali metal formate solutions any densities between 1,0 and 2,3 g/cm3 can be set. The saturated solutions are biocidal and long-term stable against microbial degradation. Diluted, on the other hand, they are fast and completely biodegradable. As alkali metal formates as drilling aids make it unnecessary to add solid fillers to increase the density (such as barytes) and the formate solutions can be recovered and recycled at the drilling site, formates represent an important advance in exploration technology. Applications Biotechnological Sodium formate is used as the carbon source for culturing bacteria. Sodium formate is also useful for increasing yields of DNA isolation by ethanol precipitation. Industrial Sodium formate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and also as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is also a pickling agent in chrome tanning and helps to impede vulcanization of chloroprene in synthetic rubber production. In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, Sodium formate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity. Concrete longevity Sodium formate is used to mitigate water damage to concrete by acting as a concrete sealant, while also being environmentally benign and cheaper than the commonly used epoxy alternative for sealing concrete against water permeation.[9] Food Sodium formate may be added to food as a seasoning, sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate, a one-to-one complex of Sodium formate and acetic acid,[10] given the E-number E262. It is often used to give potato chips a salt and vinegar flavor.[citation needed] Sodium formate (anhydrous) is widely used as a shelf-life extending agent, pH control agent[11] It is safe to eat at low concentration.[12] Buffer solution A solution of Sodium formate (a basic salt of acetic acid) and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH level. This is useful especially in biochemical applications where reactions are pH-dependent in a mildly acidic range (pH 4–6). Heating pad A hand warmer containing a supersaturated solution of Sodium formate which releases heat upon crystallization Sodium formate is also used in heating pads, hand warmers, and hot ice. Sodium formate trihydrate crystals melt at 136.4 °F/58 °C[13] (to 137.12 °F/58.4 °C),[14] dissolving in their water of crystallization. When they are heated past the melting point and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated. This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature without forming crystals. By pressing on a metal disc within the heating pad, a nucleation center is formed, causing the solution to crystallize back into solid Sodium formate trihydrate. The bond-forming process of crystallization is exothermic.[15] The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.[13] Unlike some types of heat packs, such as those dependent upon irreversible chemical reactions, a Sodium formate heat pack can be easily reused by immersing the pack in boiling water for a few minutes, until the crystals are completely dissolved, and allowing the pack to slowly cool to room temperature. Preparation A crystal of Sodium formate trihydrate (length 1.7 centimetres) For laboratory use, Sodium formate is inexpensive and usually purchased instead of being synthesized. It is sometimes produced in a laboratory experiment by the reaction of acetic acid, commonly in the 5–8% solution known as vinegar, with sodium carbonate ("washing soda"), sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda"), or sodium hydroxide ("lye", or "caustic soda"). Any of these reactions produce Sodium formate and water. When a sodium and carbonate ion-containing compound is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, reacts with hydrogen from the carboxyl group (-COOH) in acetic acid, forming carbonic acid. Carbonic acid readily decomposes under normal conditions into gaseous carbon dioxide and water. This is the reaction taking place in the well-known "volcano" that occurs when the household products, baking soda and vinegar, are combined. Sodium formate appears in sodium methylate at 0.3% The slow decomposition in storage of 98-100% Sodium formate with liberation of carbon monoxide led to rupture of the sealed glass containers. In absence of gas leakage, a full 2.5 L bottle would develop a pressure of over 7 bar during 1 yr at 25 °C. Explosive decomposition of Sodium formate on a clean nickel ... surface was studied, using deuteroSodium formate. A full 1 L bottle of 96% Sodium formate burst when the ambient temp fell to -6 °C overnight and the contents froze and expanded. Gas pressure from previous partial decomposition may also have contributed. Sodium formate decomposes slowly during storage and more rapidly under fire conditions, forming carbon monoxide. Sodium formate is a reagent comprised of the organic chemical Sodium formate that cleaves proteins into peptides at the C- or N-terminal side of an aspartate residue. Enzyme pathways involved in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, formaldehyde, and Sodium formate, which are produced as a consequence of oxidative demethylation by the cytochrome P-450 system, were examined in isolated hepatocytes from phenobarbital pretreated rats. The formaldehyde produced during oxidative demethylation in isolated hepatocytes is rapidly oxidized to Sodium formate. Depletion of cellular reduced glutathione by pretreatment of rats with diethylmaleate decreases the rate of Sodium formate production, and therefore, it appears that formaldehyde produced by oxidative demethylation is oxidized by formaldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme which requires but does not consume reduced glutathione. Because of the rapid nonenzymatic reaction of formaldehyde with reduced glutathione, this enzyme system may be viewed as essential to prevent the loss of reduced glutathione due to S-hydroxymethylglutathione formation. Reduced glutathione concentration in isolated hepatocytes decreased rapidly following addition of substrates undergoing oxidative demethylation. Addition of other cytochrome P-450 substrates which do not undergo demethylation did not result in such a dramatic oxidation of reduced glutathione. Sodium formate, produced during oxidative demethylation acts as a substrate for the peroxidatic mode of catalase, but also binds to catalase as an anionic ligand. This binding decreases the catalase concentration detectable by cyanide titration and therefore appears to inhibit the catalytic reaction mode. Synthesis of Sodium formate by hydrolysis of methyl formate is based on a two-stage process: in the first stage, methanol is carbonylated with carbon monoxide; in the second stage, methyl formate is hydrolyzed to Sodium formate and methanol. Sodium formate is produced as a byproduct in the liquid-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. In the United States, butane is used as the hydrocarbon, and ca. 50 kg of Sodium formate is produced per ton of acetic acid. In Europe, the oxidation of naphtha is preferred, and up to 250 kg of Sodium formate is produced per ton of acetic acid in this process. The reaction of sodium formate or calcium formate with strong mineral acids, such as sulfuric and nitric acids, is the oldest known process for producing Sodium formate commercially. If formates or sodium hydroxide are available cheaply or occur as byproducts in other processes, Sodium formate can still be produced economically in this manner. A method for analysis of Sodium formate in concentration of approx 0.2 mg/l in body fluids and tissues is described. Formate dehydrogenase analysis is done in two steps. In the first step, a 0.1 ml sample of blood, urine, or tissue extraction is mixed with 0.1 of 10 mmol/l nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide soln, 0.1 ml of potassium phosphate buffer, and 50 ul of formate dehydrogenase soln. The mixture is incubated for 15 min at 37 °C then 0.1 ml of diaphorase soln, 50 ul of resazurin soln and 0.5 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 6.00, 200 mmol/l) are added. Fluorescence is measured. Indirect food substance additives affirmed as generally recognized as safe. (a) Sodium formate (CH2O2, CAS Reg. No. 64-18-6) is also referred to as methanoic acid or hydrogen carboxylic acid. It occurs naturally in some insects and is contained in the free acid state in a number of plants. Sodium formate is prepared by the reaction of sodium formate with sulfuric acid and is isolated by distillation. (b) Sodium formate is used as a constituent of paper and paperboard used for food packaging. (c) The ingredient is used at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice in accordance with part 186.1(b)(1). (d) Prior sanctions for Sodium formate different from the uses established in this section do not exist or have been waived. An examination of 12 fatalities attributed to methanol poisoning is presented. Six individuals were found deceased, and their postmortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations ranged from 84 to 543 mg/dL and 64 to 110 mg/dL, respectively. In the other six individuals, hospital treatment such as bicarbonate, ethanol infusion, and hemodialysis was administered. Antemortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations ranged from 68 to 427 mg/dL and 37 to 91 mg/dL, respectively, whereas corresponding postmortem methanol and Sodium formate levels ranged from undetectable to 49 mg/dL and undetectable to 48 mg/dL, respectively. Hospital treatment of Sodium formate toxicity resulted in significantly reduced postmortem methanol and Sodium formate concentrations In 13-week studies, groups of 10 animals of each species and sex were exposed to Sodium formate at concentrations of 0, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 ppm for 6 hr a day, 5 days a week. Two mice, 1 male and 1 female, died in the 128 ppm groups. Body weight gains were significantly decreased in mice exposed to 64 and 128 ppm Sodium formate. Microscopic changes in rats and mice ranged from minimal to mild in severity and generally were limited to animals in the 128 ppm groups. Lesions related to exposure to Sodium formate consisted of squamous metaplasia and degeneration of the respiratory and olfactory epithelia, respectively. Hematologic and serum biochemical changes at interim and terminal time points were minimal to mild and, generally, were consistent with hemoconcentration. Sodium formate's production and use as a preservative in foods and silage; acidulant in dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers, leather tanning; coagulating latex in rubber production, and in chemical synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in hydrofracking to prevent pipe corrosion and application to freshly cut grass prior to ensilation will result in its direct release to the environment. Sodium formate occurs in fruits, vegetables, and leaves and roots of plants, and also in the defensive secretions of numerous insects, particularly of ants. Sodium formate is an intermediary human metabolite that is immediately transformed to formate. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Sodium formate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Sodium formate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days. Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Sodium formate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage, activated sludge, fresh water, and synthetic sea water inocula indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, Sodium formate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 150 and 1,100 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to Sodium formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Sodium formate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Sodium formate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Sodium formate as well as when stung by certain insects and marine cnidarians. Sodium formate occurs in fruits, vegetables, and leaves and roots of plants(1), and also in the defensive secretions of numerous insects, particularly of ants(2). It is also an intermediate product in the decomposition of organic matter in lake sediment(3) and a photooxidation product of alkanes, alkenes, and biogenic terpenes by hydroxyl-radical(4,5). Sodium formate is an intermediary human metabolite that is immediately transformed to formate(6). Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.54(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of Sodium formate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). Sodium formate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg(7). Theoretical BOD values ranging from 4.3% to 77.6% after 5 days using sewage and activated sludge inocula(8-13) indicate that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Sodium formate, which has a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Sodium formate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 36 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Sodium formate biodegrades readily in screening tests(1-9). Specific results include: 4.3 and 38.8% of theoretical BOD after 5 and 10 days using a sewage inoculum(1); 43.7-77.6% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with a sewage inoculum(2); 70% of theoretical BOD in 24 hours using activated sludge(3); 66% of theoretical BOD in 12 hours using an activated sludge inoculum(4); 39.9% of theoretical BOD in 24 hours with activated sludge(5); 48 and 51% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with unacclimated and acclimated sewage inoculum, respectively(6); and 40.5 and 51.7% of theoretical BOD after 5 days with sewage inocula in fresh water and synthetic seawater, respectively(7). Microorganisms are present in the air that can degrade formate in rainwater(8). Sodium formate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 110% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(9). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Sodium formate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 4.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 36 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Sodium formate is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). Sodium formate does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The anhydrous acid catalyzes its own esterification with alcohols and polyols, but often also promotes dehydration to the ether or olefin(5). Anhydrous Sodium formate decomposes to carbon monoxide and water(6). Reactions between hydroxyl radicals and Sodium formate occur in cloud water. During daylight hours, aqueous-phase hydroxyl radical reactions can both produce and destroy Sodium formate in cloud drops and may control the Sodium formate levels in rain(7). The Koc of Sodium formate is estimated as 1(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.54(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that Sodium formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of Sodium formate is 3.75(4), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). The Henry's Law constant for Sodium formate is 1.67X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Sodium formate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 150 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1100 days(SRC). Sodium formate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of Sodium formate from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.6 mm Hg(3). Concentrations of Sodium formate in the Ohio River, Little Miami River and Tannes Creek were 12-39 ppb, 18.4-25.2 ppb, and 22.3 ppb, respectively(1). In Lake Kizaki in Japan, surface concentration of Sodium formate was 115 ppb(2). Although the concentration varied with depth (0-28 m) between 0 and 115 ppb, the variation was not a smoothly decreasing one(2). The volume-weighted average concentration of Sodium formate in Venezuelan rains was 7 uM in the continental region(1). Sodium formate was detected in 14 wet precipitation samples collected from 9 sites in southern California between 1982 and 1984 with concentrations ranging from 0.18 uM in snow from rural Wrightwood to 15.85 uM in rain from urban Los Angeles, and an average concentration of 4.12 uM(2). Six in-cloud precipitation samples collected from a cloud in Shenandoah National Park, VA during September 1990 had an average Sodium formate concentration of 8.3 uM(3). Precipitation samples collected at two Wisconsin lakes on the Wisconsin Acid Deposition Monitoring Network contained Sodium formate concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 20 ppb to 2,576 ppb, median 382 ppb(4). The average volume-weighted concentration of Sodium formate in rainwater in a study (154 measurements) at Wilmington, NC was 7.4 umol/L and contributed 19% of the rainwater's acidity(5). Fogwater in Corvallis, OR had a median and high Sodium formate concentration of 61 and 133 umol/L, respectively(6). NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 158,933 workers (37,338 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Sodium formate in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to Sodium formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Sodium formate is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Sodium formate via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with this compound in consumer products containing Sodium formate as well as when stung by certain insects and marine cnidarians(SRC). Sodium Formate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. About Sodium formate Helpful information Sodium formate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 000 to < 1 000 000 tonnes per annum. Sodium formate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Consumer Uses Sodium formate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polishes and waxes and water treatment chemicals. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid. Article service life Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). Sodium formate can be found in products with material based on: leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery). Widespread uses by professional workers Sodium formate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, laboratory chemicals, anti-freeze products and water treatment chemicals. Sodium formate is used in the following areas: mining, health services and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Formulation or re-packing Sodium formate is used in the following products: leather treatment products, laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products. Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials and of substances in closed systems with minimal release. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance. Uses at industrial sites Sodium formate is used in the following products: leather treatment products, heat transfer fluids, pH regulators and water treatment products and anti-freeze products. Sodium formate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, mining and printing and recorded media reproduction. Sodium formate is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, as processing aid, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and formulation of mixtures. Other release to the environment of Sodium formate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners). Manufacture Release to the environment of Sodium formate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

cas no 527-07-1 D-Gluconic acid, sodium salt; D-Gluconic acid monosodium salt; Glonsen; Gluconato di sodio; Monosodium D-gluconate; Sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R')-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate; 2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxycaproic acid sodium salt; Sodium Gluconate;

Le gluconate de sodium est un sel de sodium organique ayant le D-gluconate comme contre-ion.
Le gluconate de sodium a un rôle de chélateur.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium organique de l'acide gluconique.

Numéro CAS : 527-07-1
Formule moléculaire : C6H13NaO7
Poids moléculaire : 220,15
Numéro EINECS : 208-407-7

GLUCONATE DE SODIUM, D-gluconate de sodium, 527-07-1, Sel de sodium de l'acide D-gluconique, Acide D-gluconique, sel monosodique, Gluconate monosodique, Sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique, gluconate de sodium, Sel de sodium D-Gluconate, Gluconate (sodium), D-gluconate monosodique, Acide D-gluconique, sel de sodium (1 :1), Acide gluconique, sel monosodique, D-, sodium (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, Gluconate de sodium [USP], 14906-97-9, DTXSID7027170, CHEBI :84997, 2,3,4,5,6-Acide pentahydroxycaproïque sel de sodium, MFCD00064210, R6Q3791S76, sodium ; (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoate, NCGC00164076-01, Glonsen, Gluconate de sodium (USP), Acide gluconique, sel de sodium, C6H11NaO7, Pasexon 100T, Acide D-gluconique, sel de sodium, Sel de sodium de l'acide D-gluconique ; D-gluconate de sodium ; Sel de sodium D-Gluconate, Gluconato di sodio, Gluconato di sodio [Italien], NSC-759599, EINECS 208-407-7, UNII-R6Q3791S76, EINECS 238-976-7, Acide D-Gluconique, sel de sodium (1 :?), Gluconate de sodium ,(S), SCHEMBL23640, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [II], GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [FCC], DTXCID007170, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [INCI], CHEMBL1200919, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [VANDF], HY-B1092A, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [MART.], GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [OMS-DD], UPMFZISCCZSDND-JJKGCWMISA-M, Tox21_112081, S4174, AKOS015899031, AKOS015951225, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [LIVRE ORANGE], CCG-229938, CS-4777, SEL DE SODIUM D'ACIDE GLUCONIQUE [MI], NSC 759599, GLUCONATE DE SODIUM [MONOGRAPHIE USP], AS-11680, CAS-527-07-1, G0041, D05862, A829211, Q264552, W-110397

Le gluconate de sodium est un chélateur qui forme des complexes stables avec divers ions et empêche finalement ces ions de s'engager dans des réactions chimiques.
Les gluconates de sodium sont des substances naturelles qui se dissocient librement de l'anion gluconate et de ses cations respectifs.
Le gluconate de sodium contient un D-gluconate.

Étant entièrement biodégradable et non toxique, le gluconate de sodium représente une alternative respectueuse de l'environnement aux agents chélateurs courants utilisés dans les cosmétiques tels que l'EDTA.
En plus de cela, le gluconate de sodium a une faible toxicité aiguë pour les organismes aquatiques.
Le gluconate de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche à beige, granuleuse à fine, pratiquement inodore.

Le gluconate de sodium est très soluble dans l'eau, peu soluble dans l'alcool et insoluble dans l'éther.
Le gluconate de sodium est un composé de formule NaC6H11O7.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique.

Le numéro E du gluconate de sodium est E576.
Cette poudre blanche soluble dans l'eau a un large éventail d'applications dans toutes les industries.
Dérivé à l'origine de l'acide gluconique au 19ème siècle, le gluconate de sodium est connu pour ses propriétés chélatrices et est utilisé comme agent chélateur dans divers processus.

Le gluconate de sodium trouve des applications dans le textile, le traitement de surface des métaux, le ciment, etc.
De plus, le gluconate de sodium est de nature non toxique et sa biodégradabilité contribue à son utilisation dans des pratiques respectueuses de l'environnement.
Le gluconate de sodium est fabriqué par fermentation d'hydrates de carbone contenant la matière première sirop de glucose dérivé du maïs.

Après une étape de cristallisation, le gluconate de sodium est séparé de la liqueur mère par centrifugation, les cristaux sont séchés puis tamisés pour garantir la granulation souhaitée.
Sur la base du processus de production ainsi que des matières premières utilisées, le gluconate de sodium n'est pas synthétique naturel.
Le gluconate de sodium est un sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique, dérivé du glucose.

Le gluconate de sodium est une poudre blanche à bronzée, inodore et cristalline qui est très soluble dans l'eau.
Le gluconate de sodium a diverses applications dans différentes industries en raison de ses propriétés chélatantes et séquestrantes.
Le gluconate de sodium est un agent chélateur efficace, ce qui signifie qu'il peut se lier aux ions métalliques, en particulier le calcium, le fer et le magnésium.

Cette propriété le rend utile dans diverses applications industrielles et de nettoyage.
En tant que séquestrant, le gluconate de sodium aide à contrôler la réactivité des ions métalliques dans les solutions, à prévenir les interactions indésirables et à améliorer la stabilité des formulations.
Le gluconate de sodium est considéré comme respectueux de l'environnement car il est biodégradable.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être décomposé par des processus naturels, ce qui contribue à son impact environnemental relativement faible.
Le gluconate de sodium peut agir comme un tampon de pH, aidant à stabiliser le pH d'une solution.
Cette propriété est bénéfique dans les applications où le maintien d'un niveau de pH spécifique est crucial.

Dans les applications de traitement de l'eau, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour prévenir la formation de tartre et la corrosion dans les systèmes d'eau.
Le gluconate de sodium se lie aux ions métalliques, les empêchant de provoquer l'entartrage ou la corrosion.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme adjuvant pour béton afin d'améliorer la maniabilité et la résistance du béton.

Le gluconate de sodium agit comme un agent réducteur d'eau, aidant à réduire la teneur en eau du mélange.
Dans l'industrie alimentaire, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme séquestrant, stabilisant et agent tampon.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être ajouté à certains produits alimentaires et boissons pour améliorer la stabilité et contrôler l'acidité.

Le gluconate de sodium est un ingrédient courant dans les détergents et les nettoyants industriels.
Le gluconate de sodium aide à prévenir le redépôt de saleté et de tartre en séquestrant les ions métalliques dans la solution de lavage.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les formulations de nettoyage des métaux pour éliminer la rouille et le tartre des surfaces métalliques.

Dans l'industrie textile, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les processus de teinture pour améliorer la solidité des couleurs des colorants.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être trouvé dans certains produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels où ses propriétés chélatantes aident à améliorer la stabilité et la durée de conservation.
Le gluconate de sodium est parfois utilisé dans certaines applications médicales, comme composant dans les formulations pour le traitement des plaies ou comme agent stabilisant dans les préparations pharmaceutiques.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière comme inhibiteur de corrosion et antitartre dans les fluides de forage à base d'eau.
L'ingestion de gluconate de sodium est connue pour stimuler la production de butyrate intestinal.
Le gluconate de sodium est largement utilisé dans l'industrie alimentaire, pharmaceutique, papetière et textile.

Le gluconate de sodium agit comme un agent chélateur.
Le gluconate de sodium sert de détergent dans la formulation de lavage des bouteilles.
Le gluconate de sodium est un solide cristallin granulaire blanc qui est très soluble dans l'eau.

Le gluconate de sodium est non corrosif, non toxique, biodégradable et renouvelable.
Le gluconate de sodium est résistant à l'oxydation et à la réduction, même à des températures élevées.
La principale propriété du gluconate de sodium est son excellent pouvoir chélatant, en particulier dans les solutions alcalines et alcalines concentrées.

Le gluconate de sodium forme des chélates stables avec le calcium, le fer, le cuivre, l'aluminium et d'autres métaux lourds.
Le gluconate de sodium est un agent chélateur utile agissant comme stabilisateur et épaississant pour améliorer la qualité et la stabilité des produits alimentaires.
Le gluconate de sodium inhibe les saveurs amères et est utilisé dans les produits laitiers, les fruits transformés, les légumes, les céréales, les viandes transformées, les conserves de poisson et de nombreuses autres applications.

Le gluconate de sodium est un sel de sodium cristallin de l'acide gluconique, produit par la fermentation du glucose, et est très soluble dans l'eau.
Le gluconate de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche qui est un sel d'acide gluconique, un composé naturellement présent dans les fruits et le miel.
Le gluconate de sodium a de nombreuses utilisations, notamment en tant qu'agent chélateur, ce qui signifie qu'il peut se lier aux ions métalliques et les empêcher de réagir avec d'autres substances dans l'environnement.

Cette propriété le rend utile dans une variété d'applications, y compris comme conservateur dans les produits cosmétiques.
La formule chimique du gluconate de sodium est NaC6H11O7. Il est soluble dans l'eau, inodore et a un goût légèrement sucré.
Le gluconate de sodium est fabriqué par fermentation du glucose à l'aide de bactéries, telles que l'Aspergillus niger ou le Gluconobacter suboxydans.

L'acide gluconique résultant est ensuite neutralisé avec de l'hydroxyde de sodium pour former du gluconate de sodium.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique avec des capacités chélatantes.
Le gluconate de sodium chélate et forme des complexes stables avec divers ions, les empêchant de s'engager dans des réactions chimiques, augmentant ainsi la stabilité de vos produits cosmétiques.

Le gluconate de sodium a été utilisé comme composant du tampon d'enregistrement utilisé dans l'enregistrement de la pince de tension à deux électrodes (TEVC) dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis.
Le gluconate de sodium a également été utilisé comme témoin du sodium.
Le gluconate de sodium pour la peau est la forme saline de l'acide gluconique, un acide doux produit à partir du glucose.

Malgré les origines en partie sucrées, le gluconate de sodium dans les soins de la peau est un ingrédient synthétique.
Dans les soins de la peau, le gluconate de sodium fonctionne comme un agent chélateur.
Les agents chélateurs sont des ingrédients qui se lient aux ions métalliques pour améliorer la stabilité des autres ingrédients.

Il est intéressant de noter que le corps humain produit lui-même des gluconates pour aider à obtenir des nutriments à partir de minéraux.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique, produit par la fermentation du glucose.
Le gluconate de sodium est largement utilisé dans la teinture textile, l'impression et le traitement de surface des métaux.

Le gluconate de sodium est un cristal non dangereux, blanc ou jaunâtre.
Le gluconate de sodium est un excellent agent chélateur et a un large éventail d'utilisations dans des industries telles que les nettoyants et les détergents, l'alimentation, les produits agrochimiques, les produits chimiques de construction, les encres / peintures / colorants, la finition des métaux, les auxiliaires de papier, les auxiliaires textiles, le traitement de l'eau et les soins personnels.
Le gluconate de sodium mérite d'être utilisé comme agent chélateur dans les articles de soins personnels et comme nettoyant dans les environnements industriels et domestiques.

Lorsqu'il est utilisé comme nettoyant, il est suffisamment puissant pour nettoyer les surfaces en métal et en verre.
Le gluconate de sodium est un conservateur inégalé car il est non toxique, non cancérigène et biodégradable, et est utilisé pour fabriquer des shampooings, des savons, des détergents, des pains à vaisselle, etc.
Le gluconate de sodium aide à réguler le fonctionnement des nerfs en éliminant les ions métalliques toxiques du corps.

Lorsqu'il est utilisé comme complément alimentaire, il restaure toute carence en sodium dans l'organisme.
Le gluconate de sodium fonctionne bien lorsqu'il est utilisé comme additif alimentaire pour épaissir et stabiliser les produits alimentaires emballés et augmenter leur durée de conservation.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les engrais pour permettre aux plantes de mieux absorber les minéraux.

Le gluconate de sodium améliore la résistance à l'eau du ciment, ce qui empêche la rouille du fer.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique, produit par fermentation du glucose.
Le gluconate de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche à beige, granuleuse à fine, très soluble dans l'eau.

Non corrosif, non toxique et facilement biodégradable (98 % après 2 jours), le gluconate de sodium est de plus en plus apprécié comme agent chélatant.
La propriété exceptionnelle du gluconate de sodium est son excellent pouvoir chélatant, en particulier dans les solutions alcalines et alcalines concentrées.
Le gluconate de sodium forme des chélates stables avec le calcium, le fer, le cuivre, l'aluminium et d'autres métaux lourds, et à cet égard, il surpasse tous les autres agents chélatants, tels que l'EDTA, le NTA et les composés apparentés.

Le gluconate de sodium, également appelé sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique, est produit par fermentation du glucose.
L'aspect est une poudre cristalline blanche, il est donc très soluble dans l'eau.
Le gluconate de sodium a les caractéristiques de non toxique, non corrosif et facilement biodégradable.

En tant que sorte de mélange chimique, le gluconate de sodium Kingsun joue toujours un rôle important dans de nombreux domaines différents, tels que le béton, l'industrie textile, le forage pétrolier, le savon, les cosmétiques, le dentifrice, etc.
Le gluconate de sodium est un sel d'acide gluconate créé par la fermentation du glucose.
Avec une formule de NaC6H11O7, le gluconate de sodium est une poudre granulaire blanche qui est très soluble dans l'eau froide et chaude.

Le gluconate de sodium est résistant à l'oxydation et à la dégradation, même à des températures extrêmement élevées.
Le gluconate de sodium présente une stabilité remarquable dans une large gamme de températures.
Le gluconate de sodium présente une compatibilité avec les oxydants et possède une concentration exceptionnellement faible en sulfates.

Le gluconate de sodium est non toxique, biodégradable, non corrosif et renouvelable.
Le gluconate de sodium est principalement utilisé comme agent chélateur dans les solutions alcalines et alcalines concentrées. En raison de son excellent pouvoir chélatant, il crée des chélates stables avec la plupart des métaux lourds tels que le cuivre, le calcium, le fer et l'aluminium.

Diverses applications du gluconate de sodium incluent son utilisation comme adjuvant dans le ciment pour prolonger le temps de prise, améliorant ainsi la maniabilité et la résistance du ciment. Dans le domaine des fluides de forage de puits de pétrole et de gaz, il sert d'inhibiteur de corrosion et de tartre.
De plus, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme additif dans les fluides de travail des métaux pour prévenir la formation de rouille et comme nettoyant industriel pour les surfaces métalliques et en verre.

Notamment, le gluconate de sodium peut être efficacement formulé et utilisé comme substitut aux agents chélateurs courants comme l'EDTA, l'acide citrique, le NTA et le THPS.
Le gluconate de sodium a de nombreuses utilisations dans divers domaines, notamment l'industrie du nettoyage, l'industrie alimentaire, l'industrie du traitement de l'eau, le secteur de la construction et l'industrie pharmaceutique.
Le gluconate de sodium est un sel biodégradable, inodore et non corrosif utilisé dans certains produits de nettoyage et de soins personnels.

Le gluconate de sodium est synthétisé à partir de l'acide gluconique, que l'on trouve dans la nature dans le miel et le vin - et qui peut être produit par fermentation de sucres végétaux.
Cet ingrédient haute performance est considéré comme présentant un faible risque et est facilement biodégradable, se décomposant complètement dans les 2 à 35 jours suivant son entrée dans les cours d'eau.
Le gluconate de sodium est généralement immédiatement disponible dans la plupart des volumes.

Des formes de haute pureté, submicroniques et nanopoudres peuvent être envisagées.
American Elements produit selon de nombreuses qualités standard, le cas échéant, y compris Mil Spec (qualité militaire) ; ACS, réactif et qualité technique ; Qualité alimentaire, agricole et pharmaceutique ; Qualité optique, USP et EP/BP (Pharmacopée européenne/Pharmacopée britannique) et suit les normes de test ASTM applicables.
Des emballages typiques et personnalisés sont disponibles.

Des informations techniques, de recherche et de sécurité (FDS) supplémentaires sont disponibles, ainsi qu'un calculateur de référence pour convertir les unités de mesure pertinentes.
Le gluconate de sodium est un composé de formule NaC₆H₁₁O₇.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme agent réducteur d'eau et retardateur dans l'industrie de la construction et du bâtiment.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé pour nettoyer les bouteilles en verre et les métaux.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme stabilisateur de la qualité de l'eau car il a une excellente capacité d'inhibition du tartre.

Dans l'industrie textile, utilisé dans le nettoyage et le dégraissage des fibres.
Le gluconate de sodium peut également être utilisé comme additif alimentaire.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme retardateur de prise dans l'industrie du béton.

Le gluconate de sodium retarde le temps de prise du béton, ce qui permet une maniabilité plus longue et empêche la prise prématurée du matériau.
En plus de son rôle de retardateur de prise de béton, le gluconate de sodium peut également être utilisé dans les matériaux de construction pour améliorer leurs performances et leur stabilité.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme agent anticorrosion dans diverses formulations, aidant à protéger les surfaces métalliques de la corrosion et de la rouille.

Le gluconate de sodium peut servir de conservateur dans les produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels, contribuant à prolonger leur durée de conservation en empêchant la croissance des micro-organismes.
Dans les détergents à vaisselle ménagers et industriels, le gluconate de sodium agit comme adoucisseur d'eau et séquestrant, empêchant la formation de tartre et améliorant l'efficacité du nettoyage.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie des pâtes et papiers pour améliorer le processus de blanchiment, améliorer la qualité de la pâte et réduire l'impact environnemental.

Le gluconate de sodium est un ingrédient courant dans les solutions de nettoyage des métaux, contribuant à l'élimination des oxydes, de la rouille et d'autres contaminants des surfaces métalliques.
Dans les formulations de traitement de l'eau de refroidissement, le gluconate de sodium aide à contrôler la formation de tartre et la corrosion dans les systèmes de refroidissement.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les produits de nettoyage des surfaces domestiques et industrielles pour améliorer leur efficacité et prévenir les dépôts minéraux.

Dans certaines formulations, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme additif pour carburant afin d'améliorer l'efficacité de la combustion et de réduire les émissions.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les fluides caloporteurs pour prévenir la corrosion dans les systèmes où les surfaces métalliques entrent en contact avec le fluide.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans certains produits de soins pour animaux, tels que les shampooings et les solutions de toilettage, pour ses propriétés séquestrantes et stabilisantes.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de traitement de surface des métaux pour améliorer l'adhérence des revêtements ou améliorer les propriétés des surfaces métalliques.
Le gluconate de sodium peut servir de source d'ions sodium dans certaines applications où la libération contrôlée de sodium est souhaitée.
Dans les formulations pharmaceutiques, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme excipient pour améliorer la stabilité et la solubilité de certains médicaments.

Dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière, le gluconate de sodium a fait l'objet d'études pour son utilisation potentielle comme inhibiteur d'hydrates de gaz dans les pipelines.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans les formulations de détergents liquides, contribuant ainsi à la performance globale du produit de nettoyage.

Point de fusion : 170-175 °C
alpha : [α]D20 +11~+13° (c=10, H2O)
Température de stockage : Conserver à une température inférieure à +30°C.
solubilité : H2O : 0,1 g/mL, clair
forme : Poudre cristalline
Couleur : Blanc à beige clair
PH : 7,0-8,0 (100g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Odeur : wh. à ylsh. cryst. powd., odeur agréable
Solubilité dans l'eau : Très soluble dans l'eau ; peu soluble dans l'alcool ; insoluble dans l'éther.
Merck : 14,4456
BRN : 3919651
Stabilité : Stable. Incompatible avec les agents oxydants forts.
InChI : InChI=1/C6H12O7. Na.H/c7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13 ;; /h2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13) ;; /t2-,3-,4+,5- ;; /s3
InChIKey : MPPJUDJABRMYJR-QZHCVFHNNA-N
SOURIRES : [C@@H](O)([C@@H](O)C(=O)O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.[NaH] |&1 :0,2,7,9,r|
LogP : -3.175 (est)

Le gluconate de sodium est un composé de formule NaC6H11O7.
Le gluconate de sodium est le sel de sodium de l'acide gluconique. Son numéro E est E576.
Cette poudre blanche soluble dans l'eau a un large éventail d'applications dans toutes les industries.

Dérivé à l'origine de l'acide gluconique au 19ème siècle, le gluconate de sodium est connu pour ses propriétés chélatrices et est utilisé comme agent chélateur dans divers processus.
Le gluconate de sodium trouve des applications dans le textile, le traitement de surface des métaux, le ciment, etc.
De plus, sa nature non toxique et sa biodégradabilité contribuent à son utilisation dans des pratiques respectueuses de l'environnement.

Le gluconate de sodium a la propriété exceptionnelle de chélater le calcium et d'autres ions métalliques di- et trivalents.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les préparations pour le lavage des bouteilles, où il aide à prévenir la formation de tartre et son élimination du verre.
Le gluconate de sodium est bien adapté pour éliminer les dépôts calcaires des métaux et autres surfaces, y compris le lait ou la bière sur du fer galvanisé ou de l'acier inoxydable.

Le gluconate de sodium est une propriété de séquestration du fer sur une large gamme de pH est exploité dans l'industrie textile, où il empêche le dépôt de fer et pour le désencollage des tissus en polyester et en polyamide.
Le gluconate de sodium est également utilisé en métallurgie pour le dérouillage alcalin, ainsi que dans le lavage des murs peints et l'élimination des précipités de carbonate métallique sans provoquer de corrosion.
Le gluconate de sodium est également utilisé comme addatif au ciment, en contrôlant le temps de prise et en augmentant la résistance et la résistance à l'eau du ciment.

Le gluconate de sodium aide à la fabrication de bétons résistants au gel et aux fissures.
Le gluconate de sodium est également utilisé dans les produits de nettoyage ménager tels que les bains de bouche.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être produit par le processus de fermentation ou la synthèse chimique.

Dans le processus de fermentation, le glucose est fermenté par certains micro-organismes, généralement des souches d'Aspergillus niger ou de Pseudomonas.
L'acide gluconique est le principal produit de cette fermentation, et le gluconate de sodium est dérivé de la neutralisation de l'acide gluconique avec de l'hydroxyde de sodium.
La production de gluconate de sodium commence avec son précurseur, l'acide gluconique.

Cet acide organique est souvent obtenu par un processus de fermentation.
Le gluconate de sodium, ou d'autres sources de sucre, sert de substrat aux micro-organismes, généralement des bactéries ou des champignons, pour produire de l'acide gluconique.
Une fois l'acide gluconique récolté, il subit une transformation en gluconate de sodium.

La conversion implique principalement une réaction chimique où l'acide gluconique est neutralisé avec de l'hydroxyde de sodium (NaOH).
Cette réaction entraîne la formation de gluconate de sodium, où les ions sodium (Na+) remplacent les ions hydrogène (H+) dans l'acide gluconique.
La purification comprend souvent une filtration et des traitements chimiques pour atteindre le niveau de pureté souhaité.

Après cristallisation, les cristaux de gluconate de sodium contiennent encore de l'humidité résiduelle.
Le séchage peut impliquer des processus tels que le séchage à l'air ou le séchage par atomisation.
Le gluconate de sodium se trouve couramment dans de nombreux nettoyants ménagers et industriels.

C'est parce que sur sa multi fonctionnalité.
Le gluconate de sodium agit comme un agent chélatant, un agent séquestrant, un constructeur et un agent de redépôt.
Dans les nettoyants alcalins comme les détergents pour lave-vaisselle et les dégraissants, il empêche les ions de l'eau dure (magnésium et calcium) d'interférer avec les alcalis et permet au nettoyant de fonctionner au maximum de ses capacités.

Le gluconate de sodium aide à éliminer les salissures pour les détergents à lessive car il brise la liaison calcique qui maintient la saleté sur le tissu et empêche davantage la saleté de se redéposer sur le tissu.
Le gluconate de sodium aide à protéger les métaux comme l'acier inoxydable lorsque des nettoyants à base de caustiques puissants sont utilisés.
Le gluconate de sodium aide à décomposer le tartre, la pierre de lait et la pierre de bière.

En conséquence, le gluconate de sodium trouve une application dans de nombreux nettoyants à base d'acide, en particulier ceux formulés pour une utilisation dans l'industrie alimentaire.
Le gluconate de sodium agit en chélant et en empêchant divers ions libres de se livrer à des réactions chimiques.
Le gluconate de sodium se lie aux ions d'eau dure pour améliorer l'efficacité du détergent.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour la passivation des surfaces métalliques, ce qui contribue à améliorer la résistance à la corrosion en formant une couche protectrice sur le métal.
Dans les bains de galvanoplastie, le gluconate de sodium peut servir d'agent complexant pour améliorer la qualité et l'uniformité des revêtements métalliques.
Le gluconate de sodium est parfois utilisé comme alternative écologique aux phosphates dans certaines applications, telles que les détergents, où les phosphates peuvent contribuer à des préoccupations environnementales.

Le gluconate de sodium peut agir comme stabilisateur de chlore dans les applications de traitement de l'eau, aidant à maintenir l'efficacité des désinfectants à base de chlore.
Dans les formulations de nettoyage industriel, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé pour le dégraissage des métaux, contribuant ainsi à l'élimination des huiles et des graisses des surfaces.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme retardateur de gypse dans la production de matériaux à base de gypse, ce qui permet un meilleur contrôle des temps de prise.

Dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans la cimentation des champs pétrolifères pour améliorer les performances et la maniabilité des boues de ciment.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de traitement des eaux usées pour contrôler les ions métalliques et améliorer l'efficacité de diverses méthodes de traitement.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être ajouté aux revêtements pour améliorer l'adhérence, améliorer la durabilité et fournir une résistance à la corrosion aux surfaces revêtues.

Dans certaines formulations, le gluconate de sodium peut contribuer à la formation de gels, affectant la viscosité et la texture du produit.
Le gluconate de sodium peut servir d'humectant dans les produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels, aidant à retenir l'humidité et à prévenir le dessèchement de la peau.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme adjuvant dans les matériaux à base de ciment pour améliorer leurs propriétés, telles que la maniabilité et la résistance.

Dans les procédés d'épuration des gaz industriels, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé pour séquestrer les ions métalliques et améliorer l'efficacité de l'élimination des polluants.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être incorporé dans les lingettes nettoyantes pour surfaces métalliques, offrant un moyen pratique et efficace d'éliminer les contaminants.
Le gluconate de sodium est parfois utilisé comme abat-poussière sur les routes non pavées et les chantiers de construction pour contrôler les particules de poussière en suspension dans l'air.

Le gluconate de sodium a été exploré en vue d'une utilisation potentielle dans le nettoyage des déversements d'hydrocarbures, où il pourrait aider à disperser et à solubiliser le pétrole.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie du cuir comme séquestrant pour contrôler les ions métalliques pendant le processus de tannage.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les matériaux de réparation du béton pour améliorer leur adhérence et leur durabilité.

Dans la fracturation hydraulique (fracturation), le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme additif pour contrôler la viscosité des fluides de fracturation.
Dans les applications de construction, le gluconate de sodium est principalement utilisé comme adjuvant pour béton.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être ajouté au béton pour aider à réduire la demande en eau, augmenter la fluidité du béton et améliorer la maniabilité.

Le gluconate de sodium peut également aider à minimiser la ségrégation, le retrait et le saignement dans les mélanges de béton.
Le gluconate de sodium peut également réduire la corrosion de l'acier dans les matériaux en béton et accélérer le processus d'hydratation.
Le gluconate de sodium améliore également les propriétés du béton, telles que la durabilité, la résistance et l'augmentation des temps de prise.

Ce sel peut également être utilisé comme retardateur de durcissement dans les mélanges de béton pour aider à réduire la vitesse à laquelle le béton durcit.
Le gluconate de sodium agit en influençant le processus d'hydratation en réduisant le taux d'hydratation du ciment.
Cela laisse plus de temps pour que le béton soit mélangé et placé.

Une poudre cristalline blanc-jaune non dangereuse, le gluconate de sodium produit par la fermentation du glucose.
Très soluble dans l'eau, il possède de bonnes propriétés séquestrantes et est stable sous des températures et une alcalinité extrêmes.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de placage des métaux, où il aide à contrôler le dépôt d'ions métalliques et améliore la qualité des surfaces plaquées.

Dans les solutions de développement photographique, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme agent stabilisant et pour contrôler le pH de la solution.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie de l'imprimerie comme séquestrant pour empêcher les réactions indésirables entre les ions métalliques et les composants de l'encre d'imprimerie.
Le gluconate de sodium trouve une application dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière en tant qu'inhibiteur de schiste, aidant à contrôler le gonflement des particules d'argile dans les fluides de forage.

Dans les systèmes de traitement de l'eau, le gluconate de sodium est parfois utilisé comme inhibiteur de tartre dans les membranes d'osmose inverse, aidant à prévenir la formation de dépôts minéraux.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans le traitement des eaux usées pour aider à éliminer l'excès de colorants et de métaux lourds.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les formulations d'adhésifs et de produits d'étanchéité afin d'améliorer leur performance et leur stabilité.

Dans certaines formulations, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme composant de solutions ignifuges.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé en agriculture pour améliorer l'efficacité de certains produits agrochimiques en séquestrant les ions métalliques qui peuvent interférer avec leurs performances.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme additif dans l'alimentation animale pour fournir des nutriments essentiels et améliorer la qualité des aliments.

Dans les bains de galvanoplastie, le gluconate de sodium aide à réguler le dépôt de revêtements métalliques sur les surfaces.
Dans les procédés de récupération assistée du pétrole, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme tensioactif pour améliorer le déplacement du pétrole des réservoirs.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans les systèmes hydroponiques pour empêcher la précipitation des sels minéraux et maintenir la disponibilité des nutriments pour les plantes.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie papetière comme agent chélateur pour améliorer l'efficacité de certains produits chimiques utilisés dans les procédés de mise en pâte et de blanchiment.
Le gluconate de sodium peut trouver une application dans l'industrie électronique pour les processus de nettoyage et de gravure.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'impression textile pour améliorer les propriétés de teinture et la solidité des couleurs des tissus imprimés.
Dans le cadre de l'entretien hivernal des routes, le gluconate de sodium a été exploré comme agent de déglaçage potentiel respectueux de l'environnement.

Utilise:
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme conservateur naturel.
Le gluconate de sodium empêche la croissance des microbes dans nos produits afin de les garder sans danger pour les consommateurs.
Le gluconate de sodium agit également comme un agent revitalisant pour la peau et un agent chélateur qui aide les produits nettoyants à mieux mousser dans l'eau dure.

Le gluconate de sodium a été utilisé comme composant du tampon d'enregistrement utilisé dans l'enregistrement de la pince de tension à deux électrodes (TEVC) dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis.
Le gluconate de sodium a également été utilisé comme témoin du sodium.
Les premières utilisations du gluconate de sodium étaient principalement en médecine en raison de ses propriétés douces et non toxiques.

Au fil du temps, ses applications se sont étendues à diverses industries, notamment l'alimentation, les produits pharmaceutiques, la construction, les textiles, etc., à mesure que ses propriétés polyvalentes et son profil de sécurité sont devenus plus largement reconnus.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme additif alimentaire à diverses fins, notamment comme séquestrant pour empêcher les ions métalliques d'affecter la couleur, la saveur ou la stabilité des produits alimentaires.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie de la construction comme adjuvant pour béton.

Le gluconate de sodium agit comme un réducteur et un retardateur d'eau, améliorant la maniabilité et les performances du béton.
Dans la teinture et l'impression textiles, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme agent chélateur pour améliorer la solidité des couleurs.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour le traitement et le nettoyage des surfaces métalliques, en particulier pour les surfaces en acier.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être trouvé dans les produits de nettoyage pour les bouteilles en verre et comme agent chélateur dans diverses formulations de nettoyage.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme agent de nettoyage de surface pour les métaux.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme agent de nettoyage des bouteilles en verre.

Le gluconate de sodium peut également être utilisé comme agent réducteur d'eau et retardateur dans l'industrie du bâtiment.
Le gluconate de sodium est également un retardateur de prise efficace et un bon plastifiant et réducteur d'eau pour le béton, le ciment, le mortier et le gypse.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme adjuvant pour béton.

Le gluconate de sodium offre plusieurs avantages, notamment une meilleure maniabilité, un ralentissement des temps de prise, une réduction de l'eau, une meilleure résistance au gel-dégel, une réduction des saignements, des fissures et des retraits à sec.
Lorsqu'il est ajouté à un niveau de gluconate de sodium de 0,3%, il peut retarder le temps de prise du ciment à plus de 16 heures en fonction du rapport entre l'eau et le ciment, la température, etc.
Comme le gluconate de sodium agit comme un inhibiteur de corrosion, il aide à protéger les barres de fer utilisées dans le béton de la corrosion.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être ajouté aux revêtements pour améliorer l'adhérence, améliorer la durabilité et fournir une résistance à la corrosion aux surfaces revêtues.
Dans les procédés d'épuration des gaz industriels, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé pour séquestrer les ions métalliques et améliorer l'efficacité de l'élimination des polluants.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les formulations de nettoyage industriel pour les surfaces métalliques, contribuant à l'élimination des oxydes, de la rouille et d'autres contaminants.

Dans certaines formulations, le gluconate de sodium peut contribuer à la formation de gels, affectant la viscosité et la texture du produit.
Le gluconate de sodium peut servir d'humectant dans les produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels, aidant à retenir l'humidité dans la peau.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme adjuvant dans les matériaux à base de ciment pour améliorer leurs propriétés, telles que la maniabilité et la résistance.

Dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière, le gluconate de sodium a fait l'objet d'études pour son utilisation potentielle comme inhibiteur d'hydrates de gaz dans les pipelines.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans les formulations de détergents liquides, contribuant ainsi à la performance globale du produit de nettoyage.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour la passivation des surfaces métalliques, ce qui contribue à améliorer la résistance à la corrosion en formant une couche protectrice sur le métal.

Dans les bains de galvanoplastie, le gluconate de sodium peut servir d'agent complexant pour améliorer la qualité et l'uniformité des revêtements métalliques.
Le gluconate de sodium est parfois utilisé comme alternative écologique aux phosphates dans certaines applications, telles que les détergents, où les phosphates peuvent contribuer à des préoccupations environnementales.
Le gluconate de sodium peut agir comme stabilisateur de chlore dans les applications de traitement de l'eau, aidant à maintenir l'efficacité des désinfectants à base de chlore.

Dans les formulations de nettoyage industriel, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé pour le dégraissage des métaux, contribuant ainsi à l'élimination des huiles et des graisses des surfaces.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme retardateur de gypse dans la production de matériaux à base de gypse, ce qui permet un meilleur contrôle des temps de prise.
Dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans la cimentation des champs pétrolifères pour améliorer les performances et la maniabilité des boues de ciment.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de traitement des eaux usées pour contrôler les ions métalliques et améliorer l'efficacité de diverses méthodes de traitement.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie du cuir comme séquestrant pour contrôler les ions métalliques pendant le processus de tannage.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les matériaux de réparation du béton pour améliorer l'adhérence et la durabilité.

Dans la fracturation hydraulique (fracturation), le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme additif pour contrôler la viscosité des fluides de fracturation.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être incorporé dans les lingettes nettoyantes pour surfaces métalliques, offrant un moyen pratique et efficace d'éliminer les contaminants.
Le gluconate de sodium est un ingrédient utile lorsqu'il s'agit de soins personnels et de cosmétiques.

Qu'il s'agisse d'augmenter la durée de conservation des produits ou de les rendre plus attrayants pour l'utilisateur, cet ingrédient fait tout.
Dans les produits de soins de la peau, le gluconate de sodium est couramment utilisé comme agent chélatant, ce qui signifie qu'il peut aider à éliminer les métaux indésirables des formulations, ce qui améliore finalement leur stabilité et leur texture.
Le gluconate de sodium est également un bon conservateur, car il peut aider à prévenir la croissance de bactéries et de champignons nocifs dans les produits, prolongeant ainsi leur durée de conservation.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour améliorer les performances et l'attrait de nombreux produits de soins capillaires.
Le gluconate de sodium élimine les ions métalliques indésirables des produits, améliorant la clarté et réduisant l'accumulation de minéraux sur les cheveux.
Le gluconate de sodium prévient également la sécheresse et la casse, laissant les cheveux plus sains.

En plus d'être un agent chélateur, le gluconate de sodium est également bon pour l'hydratation.
Le gluconate de sodium rend les produits cosmétiques plus hydratants pour la peau et empêche la surface de se dessécher en retenant l'eau.
Dans l'ensemble, cet ingrédient améliore l'expérience utilisateur et l'attrait des produits.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans la galvanoplastie et la finition des métaux en raison de sa forte affinité pour les ions métalliques.
Agissant comme un séquestrant, il stabilise la solution en empêchant les impuretés de déclencher des réactions indésirables dans le bain.
Les propriétés de chélation du gluconate de sodium aident à la détérioration de l'anode, augmentant ainsi l'efficacité du bain de placage.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé dans les bains de placage de cuivre, de zinc et de cadmium pour éclaircir et augmenter l'éclat.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les produits agrochimiques et en particulier dans les engrais. Il aide les plantes et les cultures à absorber les minéraux nécessaires du sol.
On le trouve couramment dans les sels contenant du sodium et du calcium.

Le gluconate de sodium ou gluconate est utilisé pour maintenir l'équilibre cation-anion sur les solutions électrolytiques.
Le gluconate de sodium est principalement utilisé comme agent chélateur dans l'industrie du nettoyage.
Le gluconate de sodium lie et élimine les sels minéraux et les métaux des surfaces, ce qui les rend plus faciles à nettoyer.

Ce sel est également utilisé comme inhibiteur de corrosion dans les solutions de nettoyage industriel.
Le gluconate de sodium peut également être utilisé comme agent de nettoyage pour les détergents à lessive, grâce à sa capacité à briser les liaisons calciques transportant la saleté.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme adjuvant pour béton afin d'améliorer la maniabilité et la résistance du béton.

Le gluconate de sodium agit comme un réducteur et un retardateur d'eau, permettant un meilleur contrôle du temps de prise.
Le gluconate de sodium est chélatant, ce qui le rend efficace pour séquestrer les ions métalliques, en particulier le calcium, le fer et le magnésium.
Cela le rend utile dans le traitement de l'eau pour éviter la formation de tartre.

En tant que retardateur de prise, le gluconate de sodium retarde le temps de prise du béton, ce qui permet une maniabilité prolongée et un meilleur placement du matériau.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de traitement de l'eau pour contrôler la formation de tartre et prévenir la corrosion dans les pipelines et les équipements.
Le gluconate de sodium est un ingrédient courant dans les détergents et les nettoyants industriels, où il agit comme séquestrant pour empêcher la redéposition de la saleté et améliorer l'efficacité du nettoyage.

Dans l'industrie alimentaire, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme séquestrant et stabilisant.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être ajouté à certains produits alimentaires et boissons pour contrôler l'acidité et améliorer la stabilité.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie textile, en particulier dans les processus de teinture, pour améliorer la solidité des couleurs des colorants et améliorer les performances globales de teinture.

Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les matériaux de réparation du béton pour améliorer l'adhérence et la durabilité.
Dans l'industrie pétrolière et gazière, le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les fluides de forage et de cimentation en tant qu'inhibiteur de schiste et additif de contrôle des pertes de fluide.
Le gluconate de sodium sert d'agent complexant dans les bains de placage métallique pour améliorer la qualité et l'uniformité des revêtements métalliques.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les solutions de développement photographique comme agent stabilisant et régulateur de pH.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé pour passiver les surfaces métalliques, ce qui contribue à améliorer la résistance à la corrosion.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être incorporé dans les lingettes nettoyantes pour surfaces métalliques, offrant un moyen efficace d'éliminer les contaminants.

Dans l'industrie pharmaceutique, le gluconate de sodium peut être utilisé comme excipient ou agent stabilisant dans certaines formulations.
Le gluconate de sodium peut servir d'humectant dans les produits cosmétiques et de soins personnels, aidant à retenir l'humidité dans la peau.
Le gluconate de sodium peut être inclus dans les formulations d'adhésifs et de produits d'étanchéité afin d'améliorer leur performance et leur stabilité.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme retardateur de gypse dans la production de matériaux à base de gypse.
Le gluconate de sodium peut trouver des applications dans les processus de nettoyage et de gravure dans l'industrie électronique.

Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé comme inhibiteur de tartre dans les membranes d'osmose inverse pour empêcher la formation de dépôts minéraux.
Le gluconate de sodium est utilisé dans les procédés de traitement des eaux usées pour contrôler les ions métalliques et améliorer l'efficacité des méthodes de traitement.

Profil d'innocuité :
Le gluconate de sodium est généralement considéré comme sans danger pour la peau et les cheveux.
Le gluconate de sodium est non comédogène et ne provoque généralement pas de réactions allergiques, mais il est tout de même recommandé de faire un test épicutané.
Le gluconate de sodium est végétalien et halal, car il est dérivé de sources végétales et ne contient pas de produits d'origine animale.

Lorsqu'il est chauffé jusqu'à la décomposition, il émet une fumée âcre et des vapeurs irritantes
Le gluconate de sodium est généralement reconnu comme sûr (GRAS) pour la consommation par les autorités réglementaires telles que la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) des États-Unis.
Le gluconate de sodium est considéré comme non toxique et sans danger pour une utilisation dans les aliments et les produits pharmaceutiques.

SODIUM GLYCOLATE, N° CAS : 2836-32-0 - Glycolate de sodium, Nom INCI : SODIUM GLYCOLATE, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 220-624-9, Ses fonctions (INCI), Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Noms français : GLYCOLATE DE SODIUM. Noms anglais : ACETIC ACID, HYDROXY-, MONOSODIUM SALT; GLYCOLIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT; SODIUM .ALPHA.-HYDROXYACETATE; SODIUM GLYCOLATE

cas no 10124-56-8 Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt; Calgon S; SHMP; Glassy sodium; Hexasodium metaphosphate; Metaphosphoric acid, hexasodium salt; Sodium Polymetaphosphate; sodium polymetaphosphate; Graham's Salt; Graham's salt; SHMP;

Sodium Hexametaphosphate Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as a sequestrant and has applications within a wide variety of industries, including as a food additive in which Sodium hexametaphosphate is used under the E number E452i. Sodium carbonate is sometimes added to SHMP to raise the pH to 8.0–8.6, which produces a number of Sodium hexametaphosphate products used for water softening and detergents. A significant use for sodium hexametaphosphate is as a deflocculant in the production of clay-based ceramic particles. Sodium hexametaphosphate is also used as a dispersing agent to break down clay and other soil types for soil texture assessment. Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as an active ingredient in toothpastes as an anti-staining and tartar prevention ingredient. The energy drink NOS contains sodium hexametaphosphate. Food additive As a food additive, Sodium hexametaphosphate is used as an emulsifier. Artificial maple syrup, canned milk, cheese powders and dips, imitation cheese, whipped topping, packaged egg whites, roast beef, fish fillets, fruit jelly, frozen desserts, salad dressing, herring, breakfast cereal, ice cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among other foods, can contain Sodium hexametaphosphate. Preparation of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating monosodium orthophosphate to generate sodium acid pyrophosphate: 2 NaH2PO4 → Na2H2P2O7 + H2O Subsequently, the pyrophosphate is heated to give the corresponding sodium hexametaphosphate: 3 Na2H2P2O7 → (NaPO3)6 + 3 H2O followed by rapid cooling. Reactions of Sodium hexametaphosphate SHMP hydrolyzes in aqueous solution, particularly under acidic conditions, to sodium trimetaphosphate and sodium orthophosphate. History of Sodium hexametaphosphate Hexametaphosphoric acid was named (but misidentified) in 1849 by the German chemist Theodor Fleitmann. By 1956, chromatographic analysis of hydrolysates of Graham's salt (sodium polyphosphate) indicated the presence of cyclic anions containing more than four phosphate groups; these findings were confirmed in 1961. In 1963, the German chemists Erich Thilo and Ulrich Schülke succeeded in preparing sodium hexametaphosphate by heating anhydrous sodium trimetaphosphate. Safety of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium phosphates are recognized to have low acute oral toxicity. Sodium hexametaphosphate concentrations not exceeding 10,000mg/l or mg/kg are considered protective levels by the EFSA and USFDA. Extreme concentrations of this salt may cause acute side effects from excessive blood serum concentrations of sodium, such as: “irregular pulse, bradycardia, and hypocalcemia." Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical formula Na6P6O18 Molar mass 611.7704 g mol−1 Appearance White crystals Odor odorless Density 2.484 g/cm3 Melting point 628 °C (1,162 °F; 901 K) Boiling point 1,500 °C (2,730 °F; 1,770 K) Solubility in water soluble Solubility insoluble in organic solvents Refractive index (nD) 1.482 General description of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is an inorganic polyphosphate salt commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying agent and as a tooth whitening agent in dentifrice formulations. Application of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate has been used as a deflocculant to prepare clay suspensions. Final report on the safety assessment of Sodium Metaphosphate, Sodium Trimetaphosphate, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate These inorganic polyphosphate salts all function as chelating agents in cosmetic formulations. In addition, Sodium Metaphosphate functions as an oral care agent, Sodium Trimetaphosphate as a buffering agent, and Sodium Hexametaphosphate as a corrosion inhibitor. Only Sodium Hexametaphosphate is currently reported to be used. Although the typical concentrations historically have been less than 1%, higher concentrations have been used in products such as bath oils, which are diluted during normal use. Sodium Metaphosphate is the general term for any polyphosphate salt with four or more phosphate units. The four-phosphate unit version is cyclic, others are straight chains. The hexametaphosphate is the specific six-chain length form. The trimetaphosphate structure is cyclic. Rats fed 10% Sodium Trimetaphosphate for a month exhibited transient tubular necrosis; rats given 10% Sodium Metaphosphate had retarded growth and those fed 10% Sodium Hexametaphosphate had pale and swollen kidneys. In chronic studies using animals, growth inhibition, increased kidney weights (with calcium deposition and desquamation), bone decalcification, parathyroid hypertrophy and hyperplasia, inorganic phosphaturia, hepatic focal necrosis, and muscle fiber size alterations. Sodium Hexametaphosphate was a severe skin irritant in rabbits, whereas a 0.2% solution was only mildly irritating. A similar pattern was seen with ocular toxicity. These ingredients were not genotoxic in bacterial systems nor were they carcinogenic in rats. No reproductive or developmental toxicity was seen in studies using rats exposed to Sodium Hexametaphosphate or Sodium Trimetaphosphate. In clinical testing, irritation is seen as a function of concentration; concentrations as high as 1% produced no irritation in contact allergy patients. Because of the corrosive nature of Sodium Hexametaphosphate, it was concluded that these ingredients could be used safely if each formulation was prepared to avoid skin irritation; for example, low concentration in a leave-on product or dilution of a higher concentration as part of product usage. Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Salt mixture of metaphosphates Great for combining with sodium citrate for making cheese sauces Commonly used as a pH buffer and sequestrant Cold/hot soluble, free flowing powder DESCRIPTION of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) 100% Pure Food Grade Sodium Hexametaphosphate SHMP (e452i) for use in molecular gastronomy. SHMP is a sequestrant, which allows gelling agents to be hydrated at much lower temperatures. It is the highest performing sequestrant available. And unlike sodium citrate, it has no taste at the concentrations used for gel hydration. OTHER DETAILS of Sodium hexametaphosphate Dietary Attributes: Plant-Based, Gluten-Free, Non-GMO, Kosher (OU), Keto-friendly Ingredient List: Sodium Hexametaphosphate Allergen(s): None Effect of sodium hexametaphosphate concentration and cooking time on the physicochemical properties of pasteurized process cheese Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is commonly used as an emulsifying salt (ES) in process cheese, although rarely as the sole ES. It appears that no published studies exist on the effect of Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration on the properties of process cheese when pH is kept constant; pH is well known to affect process cheese functionality. The detailed interactions between the added phosphate, casein (CN), and indigenous Ca phosphate are poorly understood. We studied the effect of the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25–2.75%) and holding time (0–20 min) on the textural and rheological properties of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese using a central composite rotatable design. All cheeses were adjusted to pH 5.6. The meltability of process cheese (as indicated by the decrease in loss tangent parameter from small amplitude oscillatory rheology, degree of flow, and melt area from the Schreiber test) decreased with an increase in the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate. Holding time also led to a slight reduction in meltability. Hardness of process cheese increased as the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate increased. Acid-base titration curves indicated that the buffering peak at pH 4.8, which is attributable to residual colloidal Ca phosphate, was shifted to lower pH values with increasing concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate. The insoluble Ca and total and insoluble P contents increased as concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate increased. The proportion of insoluble P as a percentage of total (indigenous and added) P decreased with an increase in ES concentration because of some of the (added) Sodium hexametaphosphate formed soluble salts. The results of this study suggest that Sodium hexametaphosphate chelated the residual colloidal Ca phosphate content and dispersed CN; the newly formed Ca-phosphate complex remained trapped within the process cheese matrix, probably by cross-linking CN. Increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate helped to improve fat emulsification and CN dispersion during cooking, both of which probably helped to reinforce the structure of process cheese. Process cheese is made by grinding natural cheese and then heating the cheese in the presence of one or more Ca chelating salts (phosphate or citrates), often called emulsifying salts (ES). In the United States, the Code of Federal Regulations (Department of Health and Human Services, 2004) identifies 13 types of ES that can be used in process cheese manufacture, either singly or in combination, and allows for the addition of up to 3% (wt/wt; Kapoor and Metzger, 2008). These ES help disperse the insoluble CN in natural cheese curd, and it is these solubilized CN that can then act as emulsifiers around the liquid fat released during the heating and shearing of natural cheese. These ES function as ion exchangers, buffers, and Ca sequestrants and cause CN dispersion and peptization. Several reviews exist on the properties of the ES used for process cheese manufacture (Carić et al., 1985; Berger et al., 1998; Zehren and Nusbaum, 2000; Guinee et al., 2004). Long-chain polyphosphates are commonly (but incorrectly) called hexametaphosphates. The real hexametaphosphates are ring forming and are not used in process cheese. Sodium hexametaphosphates (SHMP) have a wide range of uses in the food industry, including increasing the water binding properties of proteins in processed meats, protein precipitation for purification purposes, and prevention of protein sedimentation in sterilized milks (Molins, 1991). Sodium hexametaphosphates are often used in process cheese manufacture either singly or more commonly in a blend of several types of ES. Numerous factors, including pH, affect the melting and textural characteristics of process cheese (Mulsow et al., 2007). Many of these factors, which are not well understood at the molecular level, are interrelated and have a combined effect on meltability and texture. It has been reported that the use of Sodium hexametaphosphate produces hard and poorly meltable process cheese (Thomas, 1973; Gupta et al., 1984; Carić et al., 1985). However, it appears that no studies exist on the effect of Sodium hexametaphosphate on process cheese properties where pH was kept constant (to avoid pH as a confounding factor). Gupta et al. (1984) reported that the use of Sodium hexametaphosphate resulted in process cheese with low pH values, which could have contributed to the poor textural attributes. Lu et al. (2008) reported that increasing the pH resulted in improved meltability for process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate. Cooking time also affects the properties of process cheese (Rayan et al., 1980; Shirashoji et al., 2006). One method by which cooking time affects process cheese is by increasing the extent of shearing of curd and thus improving the emulsification of fat (i.e., by reducing the size of emulsified fat globules; Shimp, 1985; Kapoor and Metzger, 2008). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of Sodium hexametaphosphate and cooking times on the rheological and textural properties of process cheese. Because pH is well known to influence the texture of process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate (Lu et al., 2008), all samples were adjusted to a constant pH value (∼5.6). Rheological Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate The effects of ES concentration on the rheological properties of process cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate during heating are shown in Figures 1a and b. The rheological properties of the natural Cheddar cheese are also shown for comparison purposes. The G′ value of all cheeses decreased with temperature from 5 to 70°C. The G′ value of the process cheese made with 1.50 and 2.75% ES, as well as natural cheese, increased again at >70°C, although cheese made with 0.25% ES continued to decrease with increasing temperature throughout the entire heating range. This increase in G′ at high temperature was not observed with any of the process cheeses made with trisodium citrate (TSC) in our previous study (Shirashoji et al., 2006). The LT value of process cheese measured at >50°C decreased with an increase in ES concentration. Process cheese made with 2.75% Sodium hexametaphosphate had LT values that were <1 over the entire heating range. Samples with LT values <1 do not exhibit flow (Lucey et al., 2003). Several factors could explain the effect of increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration on cheese texture. Increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) used in process cheese resulted in an increase in hardness and the G′ value at 70°C and a decrease in the LT value at 50°C and DOF. These effects were not attributable to any compositional factors because we manufactured the cheeses to a constant composition. We believe that the higher hardness and lower meltability with increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration is attributable to a combination of enhanced CN dispersion, Ca chelation, and ion exchange. One of the key functions of ES, such as Sodium hexametaphosphate, is the ability to disperse (sometimes called peptization) the insoluble CN matrix in natural cheese. Polyphosphates have a greater CN dispersing ability compared with orthophosphates or TSC (Lee et al., 1986; Molins, 1991; Dimitreli et al., 2005; Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). The addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate to milk rapidly causes CN dispersion (Vujicic et al., 1968). The use of Sodium hexametaphosphate in process cheese greatly increases CN dispersion (hydration, peptization, or swelling) compared with TSC or orthophosphates (Lee et al., 1986; Guinee et al., 2004), although in these studies the pH of cheese was not kept constant. Increasing the concentration of polyphosphate used in process cheese resulted in an increase in soluble nitrogen content (indicating greater CN dispersion; Lee and Alais, 1980). Hot process cheese after holding at 80°C for 10 min exhibited very large LT values compared with process cheeses made with low ES concentration. The high LT values in hot process cheese made with high ES concentrations suggest that increasing the concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate greatly increased CN dispersion. The ability of Sodium hexametaphosphate to disperse CN is pH-dependent with low ability near pH 5 (Dimitreli et al., 2005). Our cheeses were all at pH 5.6, and at this pH value Sodium hexametaphosphate should still be effective at causing CN dispersion. These highly dispersed CN molecules then reassociate during cooling to form a fine-structured gel network (some CN reassociation may be occurring in the hot product as evidenced by the increase in G′ values during the holding of cheese at 80°C). The greater the degree of CN dispersion, the firmer, more cross-linked, and less meltable is the final process cheese. This agrees with the similar trend reported for process cheese made with increasing concentrations of TSC (Shirashoji et al., 2006). Johnston and Murphy (1992) reported that there was greater CN dispersion in milk with an increase in Sodium hexametaphosphate levels; acid gels made from these Sodium hexametaphosphate-treated milks had improved gel textural properties. Polyphosphates also have a strong ability to complex Ca, and we can rank phosphates and citrates in the following order: long-chain phosphates > tripolyphosphate > pyrophosphate > citrate > orthophosphate (Van Wazer and Callis, 1958). The strong Ca binding properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate should result in greater dispersion of CN because of the loss of CCP cross-links present in natural cheese. The highly charged anionic nature of polyphosphates causes them to be attracted to the oppositely charged groups on other long-chain polyelectrolytes, such as proteins (Van Wazer and Callis, 1958). In our process cheeses, association of polyphosphate with CN should increase the charge repulsion between CN molecules. In some circumstances the addition of phosphates to milk can cause gelation (Mizuno and Lucey, 2007). Sodium hexametaphosphate was less effective at gelling CN than tetrasodium pyrophosphate. One factor that inhibits gelation of CN is that polyphosphates introduce more charge repulsion to CN because of their multiple negative charges (i.e., polyelectrolyte nature) compared with tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Another possible factor that could contribute to the increased hardness and reduced meltability of cheese made with high concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is the formation of new Ca phosphate linkages within the cheese network (Gupta et al., 1984). Taneya et al. (1980) reported that long protein strands were observed in a process cheese made with sodium polyphosphate, whereas these long strands were not observed in a process cheese made with TSC. Long CN strands in process cheese could have resulted from the formation of new Ca phosphate linkages between CN. The insoluble Ca and insoluble P content (Table 3) of process cheese increased with increasing Sodium hexametaphosphate concentration. The addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate to milk protein concentrate at pH 5.8 increased CN-bound Ca (Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). Polyphosphates bind Ca from the native CCP (which help to disperse the CN micelles), but these new Ca phosphates complexes can associate with the dispersed CN (Odagiri and Nickerson, 1965; Mizuno and Lucey, 2005). Lee and Alais (1980) reported that the use of polyphosphates resulted in a high level of insoluble P in process cheese. Johnston and Murphy (1992) reported that skim milk solutions with polyphosphate contained a high proportion of nonsedimentable (soluble) CN. Apart from the lowest ES concentration, all other process cheese samples exhibited an increase in G′ at temperatures >70°C during heating. Udayarajan et al. (2005) suggested that the increase in G′ value of natural Cheddar cheese at high temperature was attributable to the heat-induced formation of additional Ca phosphate cross-links between CN. The acid-base buffering profiles of process cheese indicate that the addition of Sodium hexametaphosphate caused a shift in the pH value where the buffering peak occurred during acidification. Lucey et al. (1993) suggested that a change in location or shape of the buffering peak observed during the acidification of milk might be attributable to some shift in the structure, or composition, or both, of the indigenous CCP. The buffering profiles of process cheese suggest that increasing the Sodium hexametaphosphate content altered the type and concentration of Ca phosphate salts present in the cheese network. A small quantity of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25%) was not enough to efficiently disperse the CN network even with the use of long holding times during the cooking step. Consequently, fat was poorly emulsified (results not shown) and the process cheese was relatively soft and had good meltability. Holding time resulted in a significant decrease in the LT value at 50°C, DOF, and Schreiber melt area and a significant increase in hardness and the G′ value at 70°C. Long holding times have previously been reported to reduce melt and increase hardness of process cheese (Rayan et al., 1980). An increase in the hold time also increases the extent of shear applied to the process cheese; this creates smaller homogenized fat globules that reinforce the matrix formed during cooling. During prolonged holding time at high temperatures, it is likely that some heat-induced CN aggregation occurred. Although increasing the concentration of ES used in process cheese resulted in an increase in the initial measured LT of the hot product (i.e., measured after a holding time of 10 min at 80°C), during (further) prolonged holding there was a substantial decrease in the LT and an increase in G′ values. Panouillé et al. (2003) observed that heat-induced aggregation and gelation of CN micelles could occur in the presence of sodium polyphosphates. Holding time had no significant effect on the insoluble Ca or P content. Because Sodium hexametaphosphate is a very effective Ca chelating agent, the time required to heat the process cheese to 80°C was likely sufficient to allow Sodium hexametaphosphate to chelate Ca from CN (i.e., a holding time at 80°C was not required to facilitate Ca chelation). In solution, polyphosphates can undergo hydrolysis to orthophosphates, particularly at higher temperatures (>60°C; Maurer-Rothmann and Scheurer, 2005). In practice, Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) is likely that the hydrolytic breakdown is low in most process cheese applications (Maurer-Rothmann and Scheurer, 2005). During holding of process cheese at high temperature some hydrolysis of Sodium hexametaphosphate may have occurred (Lee and Alais, 1980); however, holding time had no significant effect on the concentration of insoluble P in process cheese. It has been claimed (Roesler, 1966) that hydrolysis also occurs in process cheese during storage. Because the process cheese samples were not analyzed until after 7 d of storage, any (possible) hydrolysis should already have occurred before testing of cheese. Comparing the results reported by Shirashoji et al. (2006) for process cheese made with TSC to those made with Sodium hexametaphosphate in the present study, we observed that cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate had lower LT values at 50°C and lower DOF values for all experimental conditions. The experimental work for our previous study (Shirashoji et al., 2006) was actually performed around the same time period as the current study. The hardness values for process cheese made with various concentrations of TSC were much lower (range: 1,572–2,685 g; Shirashoji et al., 2006) compared with cheese made with Sodium hexametaphosphate (range: 1,892–4,490 g). Conclusions The concentration of Sodium hexametaphosphate used as an ES in the manufacture of pasteurized process Cheddar cheese greatly affected the textural and melting properties, even when these cheeses had a similar pH value. The added Sodium hexametaphosphate appeared to convert the original form of CCP to a new type of Ca phosphate salt during cooking. A small quantity of Sodium hexametaphosphate (0.25%) was not enough to efficiently disperse the CN network even with long holding times during cooking; consequently, fat was poorly emulsified and the process cheese was soft and highly meltable. Holding times increased hardness and decreased meltability. High levels of Sodium hexametaphosphate produced firm and poorly meltable cheese because CN were highly dispersed during cooking, Sodium hexametaphosphate resulted in the formation of new Ca phosphate-CN linkages, and a fine-stranded network was formed during cooling. The results of this study will assist process cheese manufacturers in understanding the role of Sodium hexametaphosphate as an ES and demonstrates the effect of ES concentration and holding time on process cheese functionality. Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) Chemical Properties,Uses,Production Outline Sodium hexametaphosphate is a kind of sodium metaphosphate polymers. Sodium hexametaphosphate is also known as "polyvinylidene sodium," "sodium multiple metaphosphate", "sodium metaphosphate vitreous body", and "Graham salt". Sodium hexametaphosphate is a colorless transparent glass-like solid or white powder with greater solubility but low dissolving rate in water. Its aqueous solution exhibits acidic property. Its complex of divalent metal ion is relatively more stable than the complexes of mono-valent metal ion. Sodium hexametaphosphate can easily be hydrolyzed to orthophosphate in warm water, acid or alkali solution. Hexametaphosphate has a relative strong hygroscopicity with being sticky after absorbing moisture. For certain metal ions (e.g., calcium, magnesium, etc.), it has the ability to form soluble complexes, and thus being able to being used for demineralizing water. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also from precipitate with lead and silver ions with precipitate being re-dissolved in excess amount of sodium hexametaphosphate solution to form a complex salt. Its barium salt can also form complexes with the sodium hexametaphosphate. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a kind of highly efficient water softener of power stations, rolling stock boiler water; as detergent additive, as corrosion-controlling or anti-corrosion agents; as cement hardening accelerator; as streptomycin purification agent, and the cleaning agent of textile industry and dyeing industry. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also be used as a kind of sedative drug, preservative, stabilizer, and fruit juice precipitant in food industry. In the oil industry, it is used for control of drilling pipe rust and adjusting the viscosity of oil drilling mud. Sodium hexametaphosphate also has applications in fabric dyeing, tanning, paper, color film, soil analysis, radiation chemistry and analytical chemistry and other departments. Our GB2760-1996 provisions that hexametaphosphate is allowable food additives (water retention agent) for being used for canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, soy products; it can also be used as a dye dispersant, and water treatment agent. Toxicity of Sodium hexametaphosphate Adl 0~70 mg/kg (in terms of phosphorus); LD50:4g/kg (rat, oral). According to the provision of the GB2760-86, it is allowed for being applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, soy milk as quality improver; the maximum usage amount is 1.0 g/kg. When being used as composite phosphate, calculated as the total phosphate, the canned meat products shall not exceed 1.0 g/kg; for condensation of milk, it shall not exceed 0.50 g/kg. Chemical Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is colorless and transparent glass flake or white granular crystals. It is easily soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a food quality improver in food industry, pH adjusting agent, metal ion chelating agents, dispersants, extenders, etc. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a kind of common analytical reagents, water softener, and also used for photofinishing and printing. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a water softener, detergent, preservative, cement hardening accelerator, fiber dyeing and cleaning agents; it can also used for medicine, food, petroleum, printing and dyeing, tanning, and paper industry. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as texturizing agent; emulsifiers; stabilizer; chelating agent. Sodium hexametaphosphate is less frequently for being used alone and is generally used in mixture with pyrophosphate and metaphosphate. The mixture is mainly used for ham, sausage, surimi such as the tissue improver for water retention, tendering and meat softening. It can also be used for prevention of crystallization of canned crab as well as dissolving agent of pectin. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as the water softening agent of boiler water and industrial water (including water for the production of dyes, water for the production of titanium dioxide, water for printing and dyeing, and slurry mixing, water for cleaning color copy of the film, as well as chemical industrial water and the water for the medicines, reagents production, etc.) as well as the water treatment agent for the industrial cooling water; it can also be used as a corrosion inhibitor, flotation agent, dispersant agent, high temperature binding agent, dyeing auxiliaries, metal surface treatment, rust inhibitors, detergent additives and also cement hardening accelerator. Coated paper production can use it as pulp dispersants in order to improve the penetration capability. In addition, it can also be apply to the washing utensils and chemical fiber in order to remove iron ions of the pulp. In the oil industry, it can be used for the antirust of the drilling pipe and adjusting the slurry viscosity upon the control of oil drilling. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as the quality improver with various effects of increasing the complex metal ions of food, pH, ionic strength, thereby improving the adhesive capability as well as the water holding ability of food. China provides that it can be applied to the dairy products, poultry products, ice cream, instant noodles and meat with the maximum permitted amount being 5.0 g/kg; the maximal permitted usage amount in canned food, fruit juice (flavored) drinks and vegetable protein drink is 1.0g/kg. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as a food quality improver in food industry and applied to canned food, fruit juice drinks, dairy products, and soy milk. Sodium hexametaphosphate can be used as Ph adjusting agent, metal ion chelate agent, adhesive and bulking agents. When being applied to beans and canned fruits and vegetables, it can be stabilize the natural pigment and protect the food color and lustre; when being used in canned meat, it can be used for preventing the emulsification of the fat and maintaining its uniform texture; when being applied to meat, it can be used to increase the water holding capacity and prevent the deterioration of fat in the meat. Sodium hexametaphosphate can also help to clarify the wine when being supplied to beer and further prevent turbidity. Chemical Properties of Sodium hexametaphosphate The sodium polyphosphates class consists of several amorphous, water soluble polyphosphates composed of linear chains of metaphosphate units, (NaPO3)x where x ≥ 2, terminated by Na2PO4- groups. They are usually identified by their Na2O/ P2O5 ratio or their P2O5 content. The Na2O/P2O5 ratios vary from about 1.3 for sodium tetrapolyphosphate, where x = approximately 4; through about 1.1 for Graham’s salt, commonly called sodium hexametaphosphate, where x = 13 to 18; to about 1.0 for the higher molecular weight sodium polyphosphates, where x = 20 to 100 or more. The pH of their solution varies from about 3 to 9. For additional details of description, refer to Burdock (1997). Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium Hexametaphosphate is a sequestrant and moisture binder that is very soluble in water but dissolves slowly. solutions have a ph of 7.0. Sodium hexametaphosphate permits peanuts to be salted in the shell by making it possible for the salt brine to penetrate the peanuts. in canned peas and lima beans, Sodium hexametaphosphate functions as a tenderizer when added to the water used to soak or scald the vegetables prior to canning. Sodium hexametaphosphate improves whipping properties in whipping proteins. Sodium hexametaphosphate functions as a seques- trant for calcium and magnesium, having the best sequestering power of all the phosphates. it prevents gel formation in sterilized milk. it is also termed sodium metaphosphate and graham’s salt. Uses For industrial use, such as oil field, paper-making, textile, dyeing, petrochemical industry,tanning industry, metallurgical industry and building material industry, It is mainly used as a water sortening agent in solution for printing, dyeing ,and boiler; Diffusant in papermersing medium, high temperature agglomerant,detergent and soil analytical chemistry reagent, Uses sodium hexametaphosphate is a chelating agent and a corrosion inhibitor. This is an inorganic salt. Preparation of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium hexametaphosphate is prepared by heating monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) rapidly to a clear melt, which occurs slightly above 625°C. Rapid chilling of this melt produces a very soluble glass, which is then crushed or milled. Agricultural Uses of Sodium hexametaphosphate Sodium metaphosphate is the salt of metaphosphoric acid having a molecular formula (NaPO3)n, where n ranges from 3 to 10 (for cyclic molecules) or may be much larger (for polymers).

SODIUM HYDROSULFITE, N° CAS : 7775-14-6, Nom INCI : SODIUM HYDROSULFITE, Nom chimique : Sodium dithionite, N° EINECS/ELINCS : 231-890-0. Ses fonctions (INCI), Agent réducteur : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'hydrogène ou en éliminant l'oxygène. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SYNONYMS Caustic soda; Sodium hydrate; soda lye; Lye;White Caustic CAS NO. 1310-73-2

IUPAC name: Sodium hydroxide
CAS Number: 1310-73-2
EC Number: 215-185-5
Chemical formula: NaOH
Molar mass: 39.9971 g/mol

Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH.
Sodium hydroxide is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.

Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns.
Sodium hydroxide is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
Sodium hydroxide forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O.

The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C.
The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.

As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner.
Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.

Properties
Physical properties
Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition, and with a boiling point of 1,388 °C (2,530 °F).
Sodium hydroxide is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol.
NaOH is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.

Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing.

The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless.
As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils.

Viscosity
Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature.
The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa.
The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.

Hydrates
Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH·nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by S.U. Pickering in 1893.
The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are:

Heptahydrate, NaOH·7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%).
Pentahydrate, NaOH·5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 (24.8%).
Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, α form: from −17.7 (24.8%) to +5.4 °C (32.5%).
Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, β form: metastable.
Trihemihydrate, NaOH·3.5H2O: from +5.4 °C (32.5%) to +15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to +5.0 °C (45.7%).
Trihydrate, NaOH·3H2O: metastable.
Dihydrate, NaOH·2H2O: from +5.0 °C (45.7%) to +12.3 °C (51%).
Monohydrate, NaOH·H2O: from +12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%).
Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence.

The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H2O (15.38 °C).
The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H2O and NaOH·4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above.

However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations.

For example, when a solution of NaOH and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate.
However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate.

When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C.
Sodium hydroxide often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution.
Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable.

A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of NaOH is an eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals.

A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate.

The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. Sodium hydroxide solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH·7H2O.

When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution.

The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3. Sodium hydroxide melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% NaOH and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid NaOH·3.5H2O and a liquid solution.

The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C.[17] Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C.

The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound.

Crystal structure
NaOH and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (oS8) and Pbca (oP24), respectively.
The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm.
The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure /O Na O O Na O/...

Each sodium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxyl anions HO− and three from water molecules.
The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer.
Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Chemical properties
Reaction with acids
Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts.
For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l)
In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation:

OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic.
Such acid–base reactions can also be used for titrations. However, sodium hydroxide is not used as a primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

Reaction with acidic oxides
Sodium hydroxide also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide.
Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere.
For example,

2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O
Reaction with metals and oxides
Glass reacts slowly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates.
Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to sodium hydroxide have a tendency to "freeze".

Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron at room temperatures, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base).

Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with sodium hydroxide to form iron(III) oxide, sodium metal, and hydrogen gas.

This is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to sodium hydroxide (-500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of reaction, which imply spontaneity at high temperatures (ΔST>ΔH, ΔG<0) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures (ΔST<ΔH, ΔG>0).
Consider the following reaction between molten sodium hydroxide and finely divided iron filings:

4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2
A few transition metals, however, may react vigorously with sodium hydroxide under milder conditions.

In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker.
The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium:

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2

Precipitant
Unlike sodium hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed:

Copper - blue
Iron(II) - green
Iron(III) - yellow / brown
Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2.

Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate.

Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2

Saponification
Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides.
However, the limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred.
Touching a sodium hydroxide solution with bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling.

This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap.
Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat.

Production
For historical information, see Alkali manufacture.
Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process.

Chlorine gas is also produced in this process.
Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water.
Solid sodium hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.

In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.
In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes.
North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes.

In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is Olin, which has annual production around 5.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana, St Gabriel, Louisiana, McIntosh, Alabama, Charleston, Tennessee, Niagara Falls, New York, and Becancour, Canada.
Other major US producers include Oxychem, Westlake, Shintek and Formosa.
All of these companies use the chloralkali process.

Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that sodium hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not.
This process was called causticizing.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)
This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the chloralkali process which is in use today.

Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame.

2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including sodium hydroxide.

Uses
Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry.
Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis.
In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.

Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids.

For example, in the petroleum industry, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.

Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.

Poor quality crude oil can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing.
As above, sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed.

The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this.
In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast.

Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include:

For making soaps and detergents.
Sodium hydroxide is used for hard bar soap while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.
Sodium hydroxide is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.

As drain cleaners that contain sodium hydroxide convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water. (see cleaning agent)

For making artificial textile fibres (such as Rayon).

In the manufacture of paper. Around 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry. (see chemical pulping)

In purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted. This is known as Bayer process. (see dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds)

In de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches.

In water treatment plants for pH regulation.
to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving the distinctive shiny finish.

Chemical pulping
Main article: Pulp (paper)
Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers.
Along with sodium sulfide, sodium hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process.

Sodium hydroxide also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process.
These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages.

Tissue digestion
In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact).

This eventually turns the body into a liquid with coffee-like appearance, and the only solid that remains are bone hulls, which could be crushed between one's fingertips.

Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.
Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses.
Sodium hydroxidealian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.
In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.

Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein.
If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water.
Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness.

Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds
Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas.
The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms.
The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate.
In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in.

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3 H2
Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications.
Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, Na3AlO3, NaAl(OH)4, Na2O·Al2O3 or Na2Al2O4.
Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:[38]

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2
This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions.

In the Bayer process, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process.
Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud.

Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively.

Esterification and transesterification reagent
Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification).
Sodium hydroxide was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport.

For the manufacture of biodiesel, sodium hydroxide is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides.
This only works with anhydrous sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol.
NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.
Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.

Food preparation
Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream.

Olives are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp.
Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium hydroxide is known as E number E524.

Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include:

German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.
Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.
Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.
One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.

Sodium hydroxide is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs.
Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.
The Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour.

The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish").
Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.
Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water.
These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits.

Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales. Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of sodium hydroxide.

Cleaning agent
Main article: Cleaning agent
Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic".
Sodium hydroxide is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. Sodium hydroxide can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits.

Sodium hydroxide is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties.
Surfactants can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition.
A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware.
Sodium hydroxide is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners.

A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of parts washer detergents.
Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals.
The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers.
A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications.

Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s[citation needed] when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods.

Storage
Careful storage is needed when handling sodium hydroxide for use, especially bulk volumes.
Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard.

Sodium hydroxide is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within intermediate bulk containers (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use.

Common materials that are compatible with sodium hydroxide and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (HDPE, usual, XLPE, less common), carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner).

Sodium hydroxide must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere.

History
Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers.
A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara' fi funun min al-suna' (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Umar ibn 'Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen.

The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate) and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe.

When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium): was replaced by this artificial version.
However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing sodium hydroxide.

Appearance: White, hard (when pure), opaque crystals
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.13 g/cm3
Melting point: 323 °C
Boiling point: 1,388 °C
Solubility in water: 418 g/L (0 °C) - 1000 g/L (25 °C) - 3370 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility: soluble in glycerol - negligible in ammonia - insoluble in ether - slowly soluble in propylene glycol
Solubility in methanol: 238 g/L
Solubility in ethanol: <<139 g/L
Vapor pressure: <2.4 kPa (at 20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 15.7
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.)[5]
Refractive index (nD): 1.3576
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oS8
Space group: Cmcm, No. 63
Lattice constant: a = 0.34013 nm, b = 1.1378 nm, c = 0.33984 nm
Formula units (Z): 4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 39.99250893
Monoisotopic Mass: 39.99250893
Topological Polar Surface Area: 1 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 2
Complexity: 2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 59.5 J/mol K
Std molar entropy (So298): 64.4 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −425.8 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): -379.7 kJ/mol

About Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.

Sodium hydroxide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints) and outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)).

Article service life
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Sodium hydroxide can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery) and stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Sodium hydroxide is used in the following areas: mining.
Sodium hydroxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Other release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters), outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used.
Release to the environment of Sodium hydroxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, as processing aid, as processing aid, in pro

Sodium Hydroxide Liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−. Sodium hydroxide liquid is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O. The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "Sodium hydroxide liquid" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes. Properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Chemical formula NaOH Molar mass 39.9971 g mol−1 Appearance White, waxy, opaque crystals Odor odorless Density 2.13 g/cm3 Melting point 323 °C (613 °F; 596 K) Boiling point 1,388 °C (2,530 °F; 1,661 K) Solubility in water 418 g/L (0 °C) 1000 g/L (25 °C) 3370 g/L (100 °C) Solubility soluble in glycerol negligible in ammonia insoluble in ether slowly soluble in propylene glycol Solubility in methanol 238 g/L Solubility in ethanol <<139 g/L Vapor pressure <2.4 kPa (at 20 °C) Basicity (pKb) 0.2 Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −15.8·10−6 cm3/mol (aq.) Refractive index (nD) 1.3576 Properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Physical properties Sodium hydroxide liquid Pure Sodium hydroxide liquid is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition, and with a boiling point of 1,388 °C (2,530 °F). It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol. NaOH is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid Sodium hydroxide liquid in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils. Viscosity of Sodium hydroxide liquid Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of Sodium hydroxide liquid have a characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous NaOH, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its service temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage. Hydrates Sodium hydroxide liquid can form several hydrates NaOH·nH2O, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by S. U. Pickering in 1893. The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are: Heptahydrate, NaOH·7H2O: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%). Pentahydrate, NaOH·5H2O: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 (24.8%). Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, α form: from −17.7 (24.8%) to +5.4 °C (32.5%). Tetrahydrate, NaOH·4H2O, β form: metastable. Trihemihydrate, NaOH·3.5H2O: from +5.4 °C (32.5%) to +15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to +5.0 °C (45.7%). Trihydrate, NaOH·3H2O: metastable. Dihydrate, NaOH·2H2O: from +5.0 °C (45.7%) to +12.3 °C (51%). Monohydrate, NaOH·H2O: from +12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%). Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence. The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H2O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H2O (15.38 °C). The other hydrates, except the metastable ones NaOH·3H2O and NaOH·4H2O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations. For example, when a solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% Sodium hydroxide liquid by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate. However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate. When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C. it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution. Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable. A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid is an eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals. A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate. The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of Sodium hydroxide liquid. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate Sodium hydroxide liquid·7H2O. When solutions with less than 18.4% Sodium hydroxide liquid are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the Sodium hydroxide liquid in solution. The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm3. It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% Sodium hydroxide liquid and density 1.392 g/cm3, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid Sodium hydroxide liquid·3.5H2O and a liquid solution. The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C. Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C. The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm3). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound. Crystal structure of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (oS8) and Pbca (oP24), respectively. The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm. The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite-like layer structure /O Na OO NaO/... Each sodium atom is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxyl anions HO− and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Chemical properties of Sodium hydroxide liquid Reaction with acids of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts. For example, when Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride is formed: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) +H2O(l) In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l) This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic. Such acid-base reactions can also be used for titrations. However, Sodium hydroxide liquid is not used as a primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air. Reaction with acidic oxides Sodium hydroxide liquid also reacts with acidic oxides, such as sulfur dioxide. Such reactions are often used to "scrub" harmful acidic gases (like SO2 and H2S) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere. For example, 2 NaOH + SO2 → Na2SO3 + H2O Reaction with metals and oxides Glass reacts slowly with aqueous Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates. Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to Sodium hydroxide liquid have a tendency to "freeze". Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot Sodium hydroxide liquid, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide liquid does not attack iron at room temperatures, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with Sodium hydroxide liquid to form iron(III) oxide, sodium metal, and hydrogen gas. This is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol compared to Sodium hydroxide liquid (-500 kJ/mol), thus the reaction is thermodynamically favorable, although its endothermic nature indicates non-spontaneity. Consider the following reaction between molten Sodium hydroxide liquid and finely divided iron filings: 4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe2O3 + 6 Na + 3 H2 A few transition metals, however, may react vigorously with Sodium hydroxide liquid. In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% Sodium hydroxide liquid solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to the tanker. The pressurization was due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between Sodium hydroxide liquid and aluminium: 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2 Precipitant Unlike Sodium hydroxide liquid, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore Sodium hydroxide liquid can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed: Copper - blue Iron(II) - green Iron(III) - yellow / brown Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess Sodium hydroxide liquid to give a clear solution of Na2ZnO2 or Na2PbO2. Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with Sodium hydroxide liquid or bicarbonate. Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4Al2(SO4)3 + 6 NaHCO3 → 2 Al(OH)3 + 3 Na2SO4 + 6 CO2 Saponification Sodium hydroxide liquid can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (as in saponification), amides and alkyl halides. However, the limited solubility of Sodium hydroxide liquid in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred. Touching Sodium hydroxide liquid solution with the bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling. This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap. Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol primary reaction with fat before reaction between Sodium hydroxide liquid and fat. Production For historical information, see Alkali manufacture. Sodium hydroxide liquid is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process. Chlorine gas is also produced in this process. Solid Sodium hydroxide liquid is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid Sodium hydroxide liquid is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks. In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of Sodium hydroxide liquid, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes. In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes. North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. In the United States, the major producer of Sodium hydroxide liquid is the Dow Chemical Company, which has annual production around 3.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas, and Plaquemine, Louisiana. Other major US producers include Oxychem, Westlake, Olin, Shintek and Formosa. All of these companies use the chloralkali process. Historically, Sodium hydroxide liquid was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that Sodium hydroxide liquid is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not. This process was called causticizing. Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → CaCO3(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) This process was superseded by the Solvay process in the late 19th century, which was in turn supplanted by the chloralkali process which we use today. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame. 2 Na + 2 H2O → 2 NaOH + H2 This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not commercially viable, as the isolation of sodium metal is typically performed by reduction or electrolysis of sodium compounds including Sodium hydroxide liquid. Uses Sodium hydroxide liquid is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. For example, in the petroleum industry, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses. Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test. Poor quality crude oil can be treated with Sodium hydroxide liquid to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing. As above, Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast. Other common uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid include: It is used for making soaps and detergents. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used for hard bar soap while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.Sodium hydroxide liquid is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. It is used as drain cleaners that contain Sodium hydroxide liquid convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water. (see cleaning agent) It is used for making artificial textile fibres (such as Rayon). It is used in the manufacture of paper. Around 56% of Sodium hydroxide liquid produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry. (see chemical pulping) It is used in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted. This is known as Bayer process. (see dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds) It is used in de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches. Chemical pulping Sodium hydroxide liquid is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with sodium sulfide, Sodium hydroxide liquid is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process. It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process. These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages. Tissue digestion In a similar fashion, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of Sodium hydroxide liquid and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with coffee-like appearance, and the only solid that remains are bone hulls, which could be crushed between one's fingertips. Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors. Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap. In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it. Sodium hydroxide liquid is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness. Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds Strong bases attack aluminium. Sodium hydroxide liquid reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes the oxygen atom from Sodium hydroxide liquid, which in turn takes the oxygen atom from the water, and releases the two hydrogen atoms, The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate. In this reaction, Sodium hydroxide liquid acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 2 NaAlO2 + 3H2 Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO2, NaAl(OH)4< (hydrated), Na2O.Al2O3, or Na2Al2O4. Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by: 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O → 2 NaAl(OH)4 + 3 H2 This reaction can be useful in etching, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions. In the Bayer process, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (bauxite) to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium metal via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process. Since the alumina is amphoteric, it dissolves in the Sodium hydroxide liquid, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud. Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively. Esterification and transesterification reagent Sodium hydroxide liquid is traditionally used in soap making (cold process soap, saponification). It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport. For the manufacture of biodiesel, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used as a catalyst for the transesterification of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with anhydrous Sodium hydroxide liquid, because combined with water the fat would turn into soap, which would be tainted with methanol. NaOH is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide. Food preparation Food uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid include washing or chemical peeling of fruits and vegetables, chocolate and cocoa processing, caramel coloring production, poultry scalding, soft drink processing, and thickening ice cream. Olives are often soaked in Sodium hydroxide liquid for softening; Pretzels and German lye rolls are glazed with a Sodium hydroxide liquid solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade Sodium hydroxide liquid in small quantities for home use, sodium carbonate is often used in place of Sodium hydroxide liquid. It is known as E number E524. Specific foods processed with Sodium hydroxide liquid include: German pretzels are poached in a boiling sodium carbonate solution or cold Sodium hydroxide liquid solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust. Lye-water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes. Most yellow coloured Chinese noodles are made with lye-water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg. One variety of zongzi uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also the chemical that causes gelling of egg whites in the production of Century eggs. Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine. The Filipino dessert (kakanin) called kutsinta uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as pitsi-pitsi or pichi-pichi except that the mixture uses grated cassava instead of rice flour. The Norwegian dish known as lutefisk (from lutfisk, "lye fish"). Bagels are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust. Hominy is dried maize (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water. These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make corn nuts or by drying and grinding to make grits. Hominy is used to create Masa, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make Corn tortillas and tamales. Nixtamal is similar, but uses calcium hydroxide instead of Sodium hydroxide liquid. Cleaning agent Sodium hydroxide liquid is frequently used as an industrial cleaning agent where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve grease, oils, fats and protein-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. Surfactants can be added to the Sodium hydroxide liquid solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A Sodium hydroxide liquid soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on stainless steel and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners. A common use of Sodium hydroxide liquid is in the production of parts washer detergents. Parts washer detergents based on Sodium hydroxide liquid are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The Sodium hydroxide liquid-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated Sodium hydroxide liquid and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide liquid used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s when trichloroethane was outlawed by the Montreal Protocol. Water and Sodium hydroxide liquid detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods. Hardware stores grade Sodium hydroxide liquid to be used as a type of drain cleaner. Paint stripping with caustic soda Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the home as a type of drain opener to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The alkali dissolves greases to produce water soluble products. It also hydrolyzes the proteins such as those found in hair which may block water pipes. These reactions are sped by the heat generated when Sodium hydroxide liquid and the other chemical components of the cleaner dissolve in water. Such alkaline drain cleaners and their acidic versions are highly corrosive and should be handled with great caution. Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in some relaxers to straighten hair. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to average consumers. Sodium hydroxide liquid relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals. A solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour. Water treatment of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid is sometimes used during water purification to raise the pH of water supplies. Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water. Historical uses of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid has been used for detection of carbon monoxide poisoning, with blood samples of such patients turning to a vermilion color upon the addition of a few drops of Sodium hydroxide liquid. Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by CO oximetry. In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in some cement mix plasticisers. This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete. Summer-winter heat storage EMPA researchers are experimenting with concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid (NaOH) as the thermal storage or seasonal reservoir medium for domestic space-heating. If water is added to solid or concentrated Sodium hydroxide liquid (NaOH), heat is released. The dilution is exothermic – chemical energy is released in the form of heat. Conversely, by applying heat energy into a dilute Sodium hydroxide liquid solution the water will evaporate so that the solution becomes more concentrated and thus stores the supplied heat as latent chemical energy. Neutron Moderator Seaborg is working on a reactor design in which NaOH is used as a neutron moderator. Safety of Sodium hydroxide liquid Like other corrosive acids and alkalis, drops of Sodium hydroxide liquid solutions can readily decompose proteins and lipids in living tissues via amide hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis, which consequently cause chemical burns and may induce permanent blindness upon contact with eyes. Solid alkali can also express its corrosive nature if there is water, such as water vapor. Thus, protective equipment, like rubber gloves, safety clothing and eye protection, should always be used when handling this chemical or its solutions. The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes. Moreover, dissolution of Sodium hydroxide liquid is highly exothermic, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids. Sodium hydroxide liquid is also mildly corrosive to glass, which can cause damage to glazing or cause ground glass joints to bind. Sodium hydroxide liquid is corrosive to several metals, like aluminium which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable hydrogen gas on contact: 2 Al + 6 NaOH → 3 H2 + 2 Na3AlO3 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 2 H2O → 3 H2 + 2 NaAlO2 2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H2O → 3 H2 + 2 NaAl(OH)4 Storage Careful storage is needed when handling Sodium hydroxide liquid for use, especially bulk volumes. Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard. Sodium hydroxide liquid is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within intermediate bulk containers (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use. Common materials that are compatible with Sodium hydroxide liquid and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (HDPE, usual, XLPE, less common), carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner). Sodium hydroxide liquid must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere. History of Sodium hydroxide liquid Sodium hydroxide liquid was first prepared by soap makers. A procedure for making Sodium hydroxide liquid appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: Al-mukhtara` fi funun min al-suna` (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn `Umar ibn `Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen. The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of alkali (Arabic: al-qily, where qily is ash from saltwort plants, which are rich in sodium ; hence alkali was impure sodium carbonate) and quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO), whereby a solution of Sodium hydroxide liquid was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe. When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon Nicolas Leblanc (1742–1806) patented a process for mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium) was replaced by this artificial version. However, by the 20th century, the electrolysis of sodium chloride had become the primary method for producing Sodium hydroxide liquid. Sodium hydroxide liquid solution appears as a colorless liquid. More dense than water. Contact may severely irritate skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Caustic soda reacts with all the mineral acids to form the corresponding salts. It also reacts with weak-acid gases, such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide. Caustic soda reacts with amphoteric metals (Al, Zn, Sn) and their oxides to form complex anions such as AlO2(-), ZnO2(-2), SNO2(-2), and H2 (or H2O with oxides). All organic acids also react with sodium hydroxide liquid to form soluble salts. Another common reaction of caustic soda is dehydrochlorination. Because of its high-level alkalinity, sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution directly causes bond breakage in proteins (especially disulfide bridges). Hair and fingernails are found to be dissolved after 20 hours of direct contact with sodium hydroxide at pH values higher than 9.2. Sodium hydroxide has depilatory effects which have been described after accidental contact with solutions in the workplace. The breakage of bonds in proteins may lead to severe necrosis to the application site. The level of corrosion depends on the period of contact with the tissue, and on the concentration of sodium hydroxide. Liquid or solid sodium hydroxide is a severe skin irritant. It causes second and third degree burns on short contact and is very injurious to the eyes. The organic chemical industry uses Sodium hydroxide liquid for saponification reactions, production of nucleophilic anionic intermediates, etherification and esterification, basic catalysis, and the production of free organic bases. Sodium hydroxide liquid solution is used for scrubbingwaste gases and neutralizing wastewater. In inorganic chemistry, Sodium hydroxide liquid is used in the manufacture of sodium salts, for alkaline ore digestion, and for pH regulation.

SYNONYMS Sodium chloride oxide; Sodium oxychloride; Hypochlorite sodium; Bleach Liquor; active chlorine; Hychlorite; Hipofosfito De Sodio; Hypochlorous acid sodium salt; CAS NO. 7681-52-9

Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-yellow dilute solution referred to as liquid bleach, which is a household chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. In solution, the compound is unstable and easily decomposes, liberating chlorine which is the active principle of such products. Sodium hypochlorite is the oldest and still most important chlorine-based bleach. Its corrosive properties, common availability, and reaction products make it a significant safety risk. In particular, mixing liquid bleach with other cleaning products, such as acids or ammonia, may produce toxic fumes. Properties of Sodium Hypochlorite Chemical formula NaOCl Molar mass 74.442 g/mol Appearance greenish-yellow solid (pentahydrate) Odor chlorine-like and sweetish Density 1.11 g/cm3 Melting point 18 °C (64 °F; 291 K) pentahydrate Boiling point 101 °C (214 °F; 374 K) (decomposes) Solubility in water 29.3 g/100mL (0 °C) Acidity (pKa) 7.5185 Basicity (pKb) 6.4815 Chemistry of Sodium hypochlorite Stability of the solid Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite can be prepared but, like many hypochlorites, it is highly unstable and decomposes explosively on heating or friction. The decomposition is accelerated by carbon dioxide at atmospheric levels. It is a white solid with the orthorhombic crystal structure. Sodium hypochlorite can also be obtained as a crystalline pentahydrate NaOCl·5H2O, which is not explosive and is much more stable than the anhydrous compound. The formula is sometimes given as 2NaOCl��10H2O. The transparent light greenish yellow orthorhombic crystals contain 44% NaOCl by weight and melt at 25–27 °C. The compound decomposes rapidly at room temperature, so it must be kept under refrigeration. At lower temperatures, however, it is quite stable: reportedly only 1% decomposition after 360 days at 7 °C. A 1966 US patent claims that stable solid sodium hypochlorite dihydrate NaOCl·2H2O can be obtained by carefully excluding chloride ions (Cl−), which are present in the output of common manufacturing processes and are said to catalyze the decomposition of hypochlorite into chlorate (ClO−3) and chloride. In one test, the dihydrate was claimed to show only 6% decomposition after 13.5 months storage at −25 °C. The patent also claims that the dihydrate can be reduced to the anhydrous form by vacuum drying at about 50 °C, yielding a solid that showed no decomposition after 64 hours at −25 °C. Equilibria and stability of solutions At typical ambient temperatures, sodium hypochlorite is more stable in dilute solutions that contain solvated Na+ and OCl− ions. The density of the solution is 1.093 g/mL at 5% concentration, and 1.21 g/mL at 14%, 20 °C. Stoichiometric solutions are fairly alkaline, with pH 11 or higher since hypochlorous acid is a weak acid: OCl− + H2O ⇌ HOCl + OH− The following species and equilibria are present in solutions of NaOCl: HOCl (aq) ⇌ H+ + OCl−HOCl (aq) + Cl− + H+ ⇌ Cl2 (aq) + H2OCl2 (aq) + Cl− ⇌ Cl−3Cl2 (aq) ⇌ Cl2 (g) The second equilibrium equation above will be shifted to the right if the chlorine Cl2 is allowed to escape as gas. The ratios of Cl2, HOCl, and OCl− in solution are also pH dependent. At pH below 2, the majority of the chlorine in the solution is in the form of dissolved elemental Cl2. At pH greater than 7.4, the majority is in the form of hypochlorite ClO−. The equilibrium can be shifted by adding acids (such as hydrochloric acid) or bases (such as sodium hydroxide) to the solution: ClO− (aq) + 2 HCl (aq) → Cl2 (g) + H2O (aq) + Cl− (aq)Cl2 (g) + 2 OH− → ClO− (aq) + Cl− (aq) + H2O (aq) At a pH of about 4, such as obtained by the addition of strong acids like hydrochloric acid, the amount of undissociated (nonionized) HOCl is highest. The reaction can be written as: ClO− + H+ ⇌ HClO Sodium hypochlorite solutions combined with acid evolve chlorine gas, particularly strongly at pH < 2, by the reactions: HOCl (aq) + Cl− + H+ ⇌ Cl2 (aq) + H2OCl2 (aq) ⇌ Cl2 (g) At pH > 8, the chlorine is practically all in the form of hypochlorite anions (OCl−). The solutions are fairly stable at pH 11–12. Even so, one report claims that a conventional 13.6% NaOCl reagent solution lost 17% of its strength after being stored for 360 days at 7 °C. For this reason, in some applications one may use more stable chlorine-releasing compounds, such as calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2 or trichloroisocyanuric acid (CNClO)3. Anhydrous sodium hypochlorite is soluble in methanol, and solutions are stable. Decomposition to chlorate or oxygen In solution, under certain conditions, the hypochlorite anion may also disproportionate (autoxidize) to chloride and chlorate: 3 ClO− + H+ → HClO3 + 2 Cl− In particular, this reaction occurs in sodium hypochlorite solutions at high temperatures, forming sodium chlorate and sodium chloride: 3 NaOCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + NaClO3 (aq) This reaction is exploited in the industrial production of sodium chlorate. An alternative decomposition of hypochlorite produces oxygen instead: 2 OCl− → 2 Cl− + O2 In hot sodium hypochlorite solutions, this reaction competes with chlorate formation, yielding sodium chloride and oxygen gas: 2 NaOCl (aq) → 2 NaCl (aq) + O2 (g) These two decomposition reactions of NaClO solutions are maximized at pH around 6. The chlorate-producing reaction predominates at pH above 6, while the oxygen one becomes significant below that. For example, at 80 °C, with NaOCl and NaCl concentrations of 80 mM, and pH 6–6.5, the chlorate is produced with ∼95% efficiency. The oxygen pathway predominates at pH 10. This decomposition is affected by light and metal ion catalysts such as copper, nickel, cobalt, and iridium. Catalysts like sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7 and sodium molybdate Na2MoO4 may be added industrially to reduce the oxygen pathway, but a report claims that only the latter is effective. Titration Titration of hypochlorite solutions is often done by adding a measured sample to an excess amount of acidified solution of potassium iodide (KI) and then titrating the liberated iodine (I2) with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate or phenyl arsine oxide, using starch as indicator, until the blue color disappears. According to one US patent, the stability of sodium hypochlorite content of solids or solutions can be determined by monitoring the infrared absorption due to the O–Cl bond. The characteristic wavelength is given as 140.25 μm for water solutions, 140.05 μm for the solid dihydrate NaOCl·2H 2O, and 139.08 μm for the anhydrous mixed salt Na2(OCl)(OH). Oxidation of organic compounds Oxidation of starch by sodium hypochlorite, that adds carbonyl and carboxyl groups, is relevant to the production of modified starch products. In the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst, alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl compound (aldehyde or ketone). Sodium hypochlorite can also oxidize organic sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones, disulfides or thiols to sulfonyl chlorides or bromides, imines to oxaziridines. It can also de-aromatize phenols. Oxidation of metals and complexes Heterogeneous reactions of sodium hypochlorite and metals such as zinc proceed slowly to give the metal oxide or hydroxide: NaOCl + Zn → ZnO + NaCl Homogeneous reactions with metal coordination complexes proceed somewhat faster. This has been exploited in the Jacobsen epoxidation. Other reactions of Sodium hypochlorite If not properly stored in airtight containers, sodium hypochlorite reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate: 2 NaOCl + CO2 + H2O → Na2CO3 + 2 HOCl Sodium hypochlorite reacts with most nitrogen compounds to form volatile monochloramine, dichloramines, and nitrogen trichloride: NH3 + NaOCl → NH2Cl + NaOHNH2Cl + NaOCl → NHCl2 + NaOHNHCl2 + NaOCl → NCl3 + NaOH Neutralization Sodium thiosulfate is an effective chlorine neutralizer. Rinsing with a 5 mg/L solution, followed by washing with soap and water, will remove chlorine odor from the hands. Production of Sodium hypochlorite Chlorination of soda Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory on the Quai de Javel in Paris, France, by passing chlorine gas through a solution of potash lye. The resulting liquid, known as "Eau de Javel" ("Javel water"), was a weak solution of potassium hypochlorite. Antoine Labarraque replaced potash lye by the cheaper soda lye, thus obtaining sodium hypochlorite (Eau de Labarraque). Cl2 (g) + 2 NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O (aq) Hence, chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; this process is known as disproportionation. The process is also used to prepare the pentahydrate NaOCl·5H 2O for industrial and laboratory use. In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45–48% NaOH solution. Some of the sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then obtained by cooling the filtrate to 12 °C . From calcium hypochlorite Another method involved by reaction of sodium carbonate ("washing soda") with chlorinated lime ("bleaching powder"), a mixture of calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2, calcium chloride CaCl2, and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2: Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(OCl)2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaOCl (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq) Na2CO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (s) → CaCO3 (s) + 2 NaOH (aq) This method was commonly used to produce hypochlorite solutions for use as a hospital antiseptic that was sold after World War I under the names "Eusol", an abbreviation for Edinburgh University Solution Of (chlorinated) Lime – a reference to the university's pathology department, where it was developed. Electrolysis of brine Near the end of the nineteenth century, E. S. Smith patented the chloralkali process: a method of producing sodium hypochlorite involving the electrolysis of brine to produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine gas, which then mixed to form sodium hypochlorite. The key reactions are: 2 Cl− → Cl2 + 2 e− (at the anode) 2 H2O + 2 e− → H2 + 2 HO− (at the cathode) Both electric power and brine solution were in cheap supply at the time, and various enterprising marketers took advantage of the situation to satisfy the market's demand for sodium hypochlorite. Bottled solutions of sodium hypochlorite were sold under numerous trade names. Today, an improved version of this method, known as the Hooker process (named after Hooker Chemicals, acquired by Occidental Petroleum), is the only large-scale industrial method of sodium hypochlorite production. In the process, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium chloride (NaCl) are formed when chlorine is passed into cold dilute sodium hydroxide solution. The chlorine is prepared industrially by electrolysis with minimal separation between the anode and the cathode. The solution must be kept below 40 °C (by cooling coils) to prevent the undesired formation of sodium chlorate. Commercial solutions always contain significant amounts of sodium chloride (common salt) as the main by-product, as seen in the equation above. From hypochlorous acid and soda A 1966 patent describes the production of solid stable dihydrate NaOCl·2H2O by reacting a chloride-free solution of hypochlorous acid HClO (such as prepared from chlorine monoxide ClO and water), with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. In a typical preparation, 255 mL of a solution with 118 g/L HClO is slowly added with stirring to a solution of 40 g of NaOH in water 0 °C. Some sodium chloride precipitates and is removed by fitration. The solution is vacuum evaporated at 40–50 °C and 1–2 mmHg until the dihydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are vacuum-dried to produce a free-flowing crystalline powder. The same principle was used in another 1991 patent to produce concentrated slurries of the pentahydrate NaClO·5H 2O. Typically, a 35% solution (by weight) of HClO is combined with sodium hydroxide at about or below 25 °C. The resulting slurry contains about 35% NaClO, and are relatively stable due to the low concentration of chloride. From ozone and salt Sodium hypochlorite can be easily produced for research purposes by reacting ozone with salt. NaCl + O3 → NaClO + O2 This reaction happens at room temperature and can be helpful for oxidizing alcohols. Packaging and sale Main article: Bleach Bleach packaged for household use, with 2.6% sodium hypochlorite Household bleach sold for use in laundering clothes is a 3–8% solution of sodium hypochlorite at the time of manufacture. Strength varies from one formulation to another and gradually decreases with long storage. Sodium hydroxide is usually added in small amounts to household bleach to slow down the decomposition of NaClO. A 10–25% solution of sodium hypochlorite is, according to Univar's safety sheet, supplied with synonyms or trade names bleach, Hypo, Everchlor, Chloros, Hispec, Bridos, Bleacol, or Vo-redox 9110. A 12% solution is widely used in waterworks for the chlorination of water, and a 15% solution is more commonly used for disinfection of waste water in treatment plants. Sodium hypochlorite can also be used for point-of-use disinfection of drinking water, taking 0.2-2 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter of water. Dilute solutions (50 ppm to 1.5%) are found in disinfecting sprays and wipes used on hard surfaces. Uses of Sodium hypochlorite Bleaching Household bleach is, in general, a solution containing 3–8% sodium hypochlorite, by weight, and 0.01–0.05% sodium hydroxide; the sodium hydroxide is used to slow the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite into sodium chloride and sodium chlorate. Cleaning of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite has destaining properties. Among other applications, it can be used to remove mold stains, dental stains caused by fluorosis, and stains on crockery, especially those caused by the tannins in tea. It has also been used in laundry detergents and as a surface cleaner. Its bleaching, cleaning, deodorizing and caustic effects are due to oxidation and hydrolysis (saponification). Organic dirt exposed to hypochlorite becomes water-soluble and non-volatile, which reduces its odor and facilitates its removal. Disinfection of Sodium hypochlorite See also: Hypochlorous acid Sodium hypochlorite in solution exhibits broad spectrum anti-microbial activity and is widely used in healthcare facilities in a variety of settings. It is usually diluted in water depending on its intended use. "Strong chlorine solution" is a 0.5% solution of hypochlorite (containing approximately 5000 ppm free chlorine) used for disinfecting areas contaminated with body fluids, including large blood spills (the area is first cleaned with detergent before being disinfected). It may be made by diluting household bleach as appropriate (normally 1 part bleach to 9 parts water). Such solutions have been demonstrated to inactivate both C. difficile and HPV. "Weak chlorine solution" is a 0.05% solution of hypochlorite used for washing hands, but is normally prepared with calcium hypochlorite granules. "Dakin's Solution" is a disinfectant solution containing low concentration of sodium hypochlorite and some boric acid or sodium bicarbonate to stabilize the pH. It has been found to be effective with NaOCl concentrations as low as 0.025%. US government regulations allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food, and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). If higher concentrations are used, the surface must be rinsed with potable water after sanitizing. A similar concentration of bleach in warm water is used to sanitize surfaces prior to brewing of beer or wine. Surfaces must be rinsed with sterilized (boiled) water to avoid imparting flavors to the brew; the chlorinated byproducts of sanitizing surfaces are also harmful. The mode of disinfectant action of sodium hypochlorite is similar to that of hypochlorous acid. Solutions containing more than 500 ppm available chlorine are corrosive to some metals, alloys and many thermoplastics (such as acetal resin) and need to be thoroughly removed afterwards, so the bleach disinfection is sometimes followed by an ethanol disinfection. Liquids containing sodium hypochlorite as the main active component are also used for household cleaning and disinfection, for example toilet cleaners. Some cleaners are formulated to be viscous so as not to drain quickly from vertical surfaces, such as the inside of a toilet bowl. The undissociated (nonionized) hypochlorous acid is believed to react with and inactivate bacterial and viral enzymes. Neutrophils of the human immune system produce small amounts of hypochlorite inside phagosomes, which digest bacteria and viruses. Deodorizing of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite has deodorizing properties, which go hand in hand with its cleaning properties. Waste water treatment of Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite solutions have been used to treat dilute cyanide waste water, such as electroplating wastes. In batch treatment operations, sodium hypochlorite has been used to treat more concentrated cyanide wastes, such as silver cyanide plating solutions. Toxic cyanide is oxidized to cyanate (OCN−) that is not toxic, idealized as follows: CN− + OCl− → OCN− + Cl− Sodium hypochlorite is commonly used as a biocide in industrial applications to control slime and bacteria formation in water systems used at power plants, pulp and paper mills, etc., in solutions typically of 10–15% by weight. Endodontics Sodium hypochlorite is the medicament of choice due to its efficacy against pathogenic organisms and pulp digestion in endodontic therapy. Its concentration for use varies from 0.5% to 5.25%. At low concentrations it dissolves mainly necrotic tissue; at higher concentrations it also dissolves vital tissue and additional bacterial species. One study has shown that Enterococcus faecalis was still present in the dentin after 40 minutes of exposure of 1.3% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, whereas 40 minutes at a concentration of 5.25% was effective in E. faecalis removal. In addition to higher concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, longer time exposure and warming the solution (60 °C) also increases its effectiveness in removing soft tissue and bacteria within the root canal chamber. 2% is a common concentration as there is less risk of an iatrogenic hypochlorite incident. A hypochlorite incident is an immediate reaction of severe pain, followed by edema, haematoma, and ecchymosis as a consequence of the solution escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may be caused by binding or excessive pressure on the irrigant syringe, or it may occur if the tooth has an unusually large apical foramen. Nerve agent neutralization At the various nerve agent (chemical warfare nerve gas) destruction facilities throughout the United States, 50% sodium hypochlorite is used to remove all traces of nerve agent or blister agent from Personal Protection Equipment after an entry is made by personnel into toxic areas. 50% sodium hypochlorite is also used to neutralize any accidental releases of nerve agent in the toxic areas. Lesser concentrations of sodium hypochlorite are used in similar fashion in the Pollution Abatement System to ensure that no nerve agent is released in furnace flue gas. Reduction of skin damage Dilute bleach baths have been used for decades to treat moderate to severe eczema in humans, but it has not been clear why they work. According to work published by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine in November 2013, a very dilute (0.005%) solution of sodium hypochlorite in water was successful in treating skin damage with an inflammatory component caused by radiation therapy, excess sun exposure or aging in laboratory mice. Mice with radiation dermatitis given daily 30-minute baths in bleach solution experienced less severe skin damage and better healing and hair regrowth than animals bathed in water. A molecule called nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is known to play a critical role in inflammation, aging, and response to radiation. The researchers found that if NF-κB activity was blocked in elderly mice by bathing them in bleach solution, the animals' skin began to look younger, going from old and fragile to thicker, with increased cell proliferation. The effect diminished after the baths were stopped, indicating that regular exposure was necessary to maintain skin thickness. Safety It is estimated that there are about 3,300 accidents needing hospital treatment caused by sodium hypochlorite solutions each year in British homes (RoSPA, 2002). Oxidation and corrosion Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer. Oxidation reactions are corrosive. Solutions burn the skin and cause eye damage, especially when used in concentrated forms. As recognized by the NFPA, however, only solutions containing more than 40% sodium hypochlorite by weight are considered hazardous oxidizers. Solutions less than 40% are classified as a moderate oxidizing hazard (NFPA 430, 2000). Household bleach and pool chlorinator solutions are typically stabilized by a significant concentration of lye (caustic soda, NaOH) as part of the manufacturing reaction. This additive will by itself cause caustic irritation or burns due to defatting and saponification of skin oils and destruction of tissue. The slippery feel of bleach on skin is due to this process. Storage hazards Contact of sodium hypochlorite solutions with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated due to release of chlorine gas. Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive to common container materials such as stainless steel and aluminium. The few compatible metals include titanium (which however is not compatible with dry chlorine) and tantalum. Glass containers are safe. Some plastics and rubbers are affected too; safe choices include polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE, PE-HD), polypropylene (PP), some chlorinated and fluorinated polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); as well as ethylene propylene rubber, and Viton. Containers must allow venting of oxygen produced by decomposition over time, otherwise they may burst. Reactions with other common products Mixing bleach with some household cleaners can be hazardous. Sodium hypochlorite solutions, such as liquid bleach, may release toxic chlorine gas when heated above 35 °C or mixed with an acid, such as hydrochloric acid or vinegar. A 2008 study indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., surfactants, fragrances) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human carcinogens. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for chloroform and 1–1170 times for carbon tetrachloride, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of "thick liquid and gel." The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that the bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. The authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk. In particular, mixing hypochlorite bleaches with amines (for example, cleaning products that contain or release ammonia, ammonium salts, urea, or related compounds and biological materials such as urine) produces chloramines. These gaseous products can cause acute lung injury. Chronic exposure, for example, from the air at swimming pools where chlorine is used as the disinfectant, can lead to the development of atopic asthma. Bleach can react violently with hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen gas: H2O2 (aq) + NaOCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (aq) + O2 (g) Explosive reactions or byproducts can also occur in industrial and laboratory settings when sodium hypochlorite is mixed with diverse organic compounds. Limitations in health care The UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in October 2008 recommended that Dakin's solution should not be used in routine wound care. Environmental impact In spite of its strong biocidal action, sodium hypochlorite per se has limited environmental impact, since the hypochlorite ion rapidly degrades before it can be absorbed by living beings. However, one major concern arising from sodium hypochlorite use is that it tends to form persistent chlorinated organic compounds, including known carcinogens, that can be absorbed by organisms and enter the food chain. These compounds may be formed during household storage and use as well during industrial use. For example, when household bleach and wastewater were mixed, 1–2% of the available chlorine was observed to form organic compounds. As of 1994, not all the byproducts had been identified, but identified compounds include chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The estimated exposure to these chemicals from use is estimated to be within occupational exposure limits. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is a compound that can be effectively used for water purification. It is used on a large scale for surface purification, bleaching, odor removal and water disinfection. When was sodium hypochlorite discovered? Sodium hypochlorite has a long history. Around 1785 the Frenchman Berthollet developed liquid bleaching agents based on sodium hypochlorite. The Javel company introduced this product and called it 'liqueur de Javel'. At first, it was used to bleach cotton. Because of its specific characteristics it soon became a popular compound. Hypochlorite can remove stains from clothes at room temperature. In France, sodium hypochlorite is still known as 'eau de Javel'. What are the characteristics of sodium hypochlorite? Sodium hypochlorite is a clear, slightly yellowish solution with a characteristic odor. Sodium hypochlorite has a relative density of is 1,1 (5,5% watery solution). As a bleaching agent for domestic use it usually contains 5% sodium hypochlorite (with a pH of around 11, it is irritating). If it is more concentrated, it contains a concentration 10-15% sodium hypochlorite (with a pH of around 13, it burns and is corrosive). Sodium hypochlorite is unstable. Chlorine evaporates at a rate of 0,75 gram active chlorine per day from the solution. Then heated sodium hypochlorite disintegrates. This also happens when sodium hypochlorite comes in contact with acids, sunlight, certain metals and poisonous and corrosive gasses, including chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidator and reacts with flammable compounds and reductors. Sodium hypochlorite solution is a weak base that is inflammable. These characteristics must be kept in mind during transport, storage and use of sodium hypochlorite. What happens to the pH value when sodium hypochlorite is added to water? Due to the presence of caustic soda in sodium hypo chlorite, the pH of the water is increased. When sodium hypo chlorite dissolves in water, two substances form, which play a role in for oxidation and disinfection. These are hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the less active hypochlorite ion (OCl-). The pH of the water determines how much hypochlorous acid is formed. While sodium hypochlorite is used, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to lower the pH. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) can be used as an alternative for acetic acid. Less harmful gasses are produced when sulfuric acid is used. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid that strongly reacts with bases and that is very corrosive. How can sodium hypochlorite be produced? Sodium hypochlorite can be produced in two ways: - By dissolving salt in softened water, which results in a concentrated brine solution. The solution is electrolyzed and forms a sodium hypochlorite solution in water. This solution contains 150 g active chlorine (Cl2) per liter. During this reaction the explosive hydrogen gas is also formed. - By adding chlorine gas (Cl2) to caustic soda (NaOH). When this is done, sodium hypochlorite, water (H2O) and salt (NaCl) are produced according to the following reaction: Cl2 + 2NaOH + → NaOCl + NaCl + H2O What are the applications of sodium hypochlorite? Sodium hypochlorite is used on a large scale. For example in agriculture, chemical industries, paint- and lime industries, food industries, glass industries, paper industries, pharmaceutical industries, synthetics industries and waste disposal industries. In the textile industry sodium hypochlorite is used to bleach textile. It is sometimes added to industrial waste water. This is done to reduce odors. Hypochlorite neutralizes sulphur hydrogen gas (SH) and ammonia (NH3). It is also used to detoxify cyanide baths in metal industries. Hypochlorite can be used to prevent algae and shellfish growth in cooling towers. In water treatment, hypochlorite is used to disinfect water. In households, hypochlorite is used frequently for the purification and disinfection of the house. How does sodium hypochlorite disinfection work? By adding hypochlorite to water, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is formed: NaOCl + H2O → HOCl + NaOH- Hypochlorous acid is divided into hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen (O). The oxygen atom is a very strong oxidator. Sodium hypochlorite is effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi. Sodium hypochlorite disinfects the same way as chlorine does. How is sodium hypochlorite applied in swimming pools? Sodium hypochlorite is applied in swimming pools for water disinfection and oxidation. It has the advantage that microorganisms cannot build up any resistance to it. Sodium hypochlorite is effective against Legionella bacteria and bio film, in which Legionella bacteria can multiply. Hypochlorous acid is produced by the reaction of sodium hydroxide with chlorine gas. In water, the so-called 'active chlorine' is formed. There are various ways to use sodium hypochlorite. For on-site salt electrolysis, a solution of salt (NaCl) in water is applied. Sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions are produced. 4NaCl- → 4Na+ + 4Cl- By leading the salty solution over an electrolysis cell, the following reactions take place at the electrodes: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e- 2H2O + 2e- → H2 + 20H- 2H20 → O2 + 4H++ 4e- Subsequently, chlorine and hydroxide react to form hypochlorite: OH- + Cl2 → HOCl + Cl- The advantage of the salt electrolysis system is that no transport or storage of sodium hypochlorite is required. When sodium hypochlorite is stored for a long time, it becomes inactive. Another advantage of the on site process is that chlorine lowers the pH and no other acid is required to lower pH. The hydrogen gas that is produced is explosive and as a result ventilation is required for expolsion prevention. This system is slow and a buffer of extra hypochlorous acid needs to be used. The maintenance and purchase of the electrolysis system is much more expensive than sodium hypochlorite. When sodium hypochlorite is used, acetic or sulphuric acid are added to the water. An overdose can produce poisonous gasses. If the dosage is too low, the pH becomes to high and can irritate the eyes. Because sodium hypochlorite is used both to oxidize pollutions (urine, sweat, cosmetics) and to remove pathogenic microorganisms, the required concentration of sodium hypochlorite depends on the concentrations of these pollutions. Especially the amount of organic pollution determines the required concentration. If the water is filtered before sodium hypochlorite is applied, less sodium hypochlorite is needed.

SODIUM ISOBUTYLPARABEN N° CAS : 84930-15-4 Origine(s) : Synthétique Nom INCI : SODIUM ISOBUTYLPARABEN Nom chimique : Sodium isobutyl 4-oxidobenzoate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 284-595-4 Classification : Paraben, Perturbateur endocrinien suspecté, Règlementé, Conservateur, Interdit en Europe Restriction en Europe : II/1375 La concentration maximale autorisée dans les préparations cosmétiques prêtes à l'emploi est de : - 0,4 % (en acide) pour un ester - 0,8 % (en acide) pour les mélanges d'esters Ses fonctions (INCI) Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes

SODIUM ISOSTEARATE N° CAS : 64248-79-9 Nom INCI : SODIUM ISOSTEARATE Nom chimique : Isooctadecanoic acid, sodium salt N° EINECS/ELINCS : 264-754-4 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LACTATE; N° CAS : 72-17-3 / 867-56-1 - Lactate de sodium; Nom INCI : SODIUM LACTATE; Nom chimique : Sodium lactate; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 200-772-0 / 212-762-3; Additif alimentaire : E325. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI). Régulateur de pH : Stabilise le pH des cosmétiques. Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau; Kératolytique : Décolle et élimine les cellules mortes de la couche cornée de l'apiderme. Noms français : 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE SODIUM; HYDROXY-2 PROPANOATE DE SODIUM; Lactate de sodium; PROPANOIC ACID, 2-HYDROXY-, MONOSODIUM SALT; SEL DE SODIUM DE L'ACIDE HYDROXY-2 PROPANOIQUE. Noms anglais : LACTIC ACID SODIUM SALT; LACTIC ACID, MONOSODIUM SALT; LACTIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; Sodium lactate. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent anticorrosif. 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, monosodium salt; Lacolin; Lactic acid sodium salt; Lactic acid, monosodium salt; Lactic acid, sodium salt (VAN); Monosodium 2-hydroxypropanoate; Monosodium lactate; Per-glycerin; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1); Sodium (dl)-lactate; Sodium alpha-hydroxypropionate; Sodium lactate; Sodium lactate 0.167 molar in plastic container; Sodium lactate 1/6 molar in plastic container; Sodium lactate in plastic container. IUPAC names: Sodium 2-hydroxy-propanoate; Sodium 2-hydroxypropanoate;Sodium DL-lactate ; sodium;2-hydroxypropanoate; (±)-2-Hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt; 200-772-0 [EINECS]; 2-Hydroxypropanoate de sodium [French] ; 4157; 72-17-3 [RN]; Lactic acid monosodium salt Lactic Acid, Sodium Salt; MFCD00065400 [MDL number]; Natrium-2-hydroxypropanoat [German]; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; QY1&VQ &&Na salt [WLN] ; Sodium 2-hydroxypropanoate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium Lactate [JAN] [USAN]; SODIUM LACTATE, L-; Sodium α-hydroxypropionate; Sodium-DL-lactate; [72-17-3];1219802-24-0 [RN] ; 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid, monosodium salt; 2-Hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt; 344299-52-1 [RN]; E325; Lacolin; Lactic acid, monosodium salt (8CI); Lactic acid, sodium salt (VAN) ; MFCD00066576 [MDL number]; Monosodium 2-hydroxypropanoate; P2Y1C6M9PS; Per-glycerin; Pharmakon1600-01300036; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt; Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, monosodium salt (9CI); Purasal S/SP 60; Sodium (dl)-lactate; Sodium lactate (60% in water); Sodium lactate (7CI); SODIUM LACTATE|SODIUM 2-HYDROXYPROPANOATE ; SODIUM α-HYDROXYPROPIONATE; sodiumlactate; SodiumLactate,(??)-2-Hydroxypropionicacidsodiumsalt,SodiumDL-lactate,Lacolin?; 乳酸ナトリウム [Japanese]

cas no 867-56-1 (S)-2-Hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt; L-Lactic acid sodium salt; Sarcolactic acid sodium salt; Sodium L-lactate; Sodium L-lactate;

SYNONYMS Disodium monosulfate; Sulfuric acid sodium salt;Disodium sulfate; Sodium sulfate; Sulfuric acid sodium salt; Sulfuric acid disodium salt; Sulfuric acid disodium salt; Salt cake; Bisodium sulfate; Sodium sulfate (2:1); Thenardite; Natriumsulfat; Trona; Dibasic sodium sulfate; CAS NO:7757-82-6

SODIUM LAURETH-12 CARBOXYLATE N° CAS : 33939-64-9 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-12 CARBOXYLATE Classification : Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre

SODIUM LAURETH-12 SULFATE N° CAS : 9004-82-4 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-12 SULFATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 266-192-5 Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-4 CARBOXYLATE N° CAS : 33939-64-9 / 38975-04-1 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-4 CARBOXYLATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : - / - Classification : Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-4 PHOSPHATE N° CAS : 42612-52-2 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-4 PHOSPHATE Classification : Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-5 CARBOXYLATE N° CAS : 33939-64-9 / 38975-03-0 "Pas terrible" dans toutes les catégories. Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-5 CARBOXYLATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : - / - Classification : Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-6 CARBOXYLATE N° CAS : 33939-64-9 "Pas terrible" dans toutes les catégories. Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-6 CARBOXYLATE Classification : Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-7 SULFATE N° CAS : 9004-82-4 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-7 SULFATE Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURETH-8 SULFATE N° CAS : 9004-82-4 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURETH-8 SULFATE Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAURIMINODIPROPIONATE N° CAS : 14960-06-6 / 26256-79-1 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURIMINODIPROPIONATE Nom chimique : Sodium N-(2-carboxyethyl)-N-dodecyl-.beta.-alaninate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 239-032-7 / 247-552-0 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAUROAMPHOACETATE; N° CAS : 66161-62-4; Nom INCI : SODIUM LAUROAMPHOACETATE. Nom chimique : Glycine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-(1-oxododecylamino)ethyl]-, monosodium salt; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 266-197-2. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI): Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre; Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide. Sinergiste de mousse : Améliore la qualité de la mousse produite en augmentant une ou plusieurs des propriétés suivantes: volume, texture et / ou stabilité. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : N-(2-hydroxyéthyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododécyl)amino]éthyl]glycinate de sodium. Noms anglais : 2-LAURYLAMIDO-N-HYDROXYETHYL-N-(SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL)ETHYLAMINE; GLYCINE, N-(2-HYDROXYETHYL)-N-(2-((1-OXODODECYL)AMINO)ETHYL)-, MONOSODIUM SALT; Sodium N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododecyl)amino]ethyl]glycinate; sodium 2-[(2-dodecanamidoethyl)(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]acetate; {[2-(Dodecanoylamino)éthyl](2-hydroxyéthyl)amino}acétate de sodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 266-197-2 [EINECS]; 66161-62-4 [RN]; Glycine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododecyl)amino]ethyl]-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; Natrium-{[2-(dodecanoylamino)ethyl](2-hydroxyethyl)amino}acetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium {[2-(dodecanoylamino)ethyl](2-hydroxyethyl)amino}acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium lauroamphoacetate; 108538-32-5 [RN]; 2-Laurylamido-N-hydroxyethyl-N-(sodium carboxymethyl)ethylamine EINECS 266-197-2; Glycine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2-((1-oxododecyl)amino)ethyl)-, monosodium salt; Glycine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododecyl)amino]ethyl]-, monosodium salt ; Glycine,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododecyl)amino]ethyl]-, sodium salt (1:1); SODIUM 2-[(2-DODECANAMIDOETHYL)(2-HYDROXYETHYL)AMINO]ACETATE; sodium 2-[2-(dodecanoylamino)ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]acetate; sodium 2-[2-(dodecanoylamino)ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanoate; sodium 2-[2-hydroxyethyl-[2-(1-oxododecylamino)ethyl]amino]acetate; sodium 2-[2-hydroxyethyl-[2-(lauroylamino)ethyl]amino]acetate; Sodium N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2-((1-oxododecyl)amino)ethyl)glycinate; sodium N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-[2-[(1-oxododecyl)amino]ethyl]glycinate

cas no 29923-31-7 N-(1-Oxododecyl)-L-glutamic acid monosodium salt; N-Lauroyl-L-glutamic acid monosodium salt; Sodium N-dodecanoylglutamate; Sodium lauroyl glutamate; Monosodium N-lauroyl-L-glutamate;

SODIUM LAUROYL GLUTAMATE; N° CAS : 29923-31-7 / 29923-34-0 / 42926-22-7 / 98984-78-2. Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique; Nom INCI : SODIUM LAUROYL GLUTAMATE; Nom chimique : Sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 249-958-3 / - / - / -. Classification : Tensioactif non ionique. Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS). Ses fonctions (INCI) ; Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface; Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance; Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation; Lauroyl-L-glutamate-Na, N- sodium hydrogen (2S)-2-dodecanamidopentanedioate; sodium hydrogen 2-(dodecanoylamino)pentanedioate; sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate CAS information ?; Sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate/Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate; Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate; Sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxododecyl)-L-glutamate

SODIUM LAUROYL ISETHIONATE N° CAS : 7381-01-3 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAUROYL ISETHIONATE Nom chimique : Sodium 2-sulphonatoethyl laurate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 230-949-8 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM LAUROYL METHYL ISETHIONATE, Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique, Nom INCI : SODIUM LAUROYL METHYL ISETHIONATE. Nom chimique : Dodecanoic acid, methyl-2-sulfoethyl ester, sodium salt (1:1). Le Sodium Lauroyl Methyl Isethionate ou SLMI est un tensioactif anionique doux dérivé de coco, qui ne contient pas de sulfate. Contrairement au SCI (Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate) qui permet de créer des produits opaques, le SLMI a une excellente solubilité dans l'eau, et permet donc de créer des formulations de shampooings sans sulfate, transparente. Il est souvent utilisé conjointement avec de la CAPB.Ses fonctions (INCI) : Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

Sodium lauroylsarcosinate; SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE; N° CAS : 137-16-6; Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique; Nom INCI : SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE; Nom chimique : Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-281-5. Classification : Tensioactif anionique. Le sodium Lauroyl Sarconisate est un tensioactif anionique bien plus doux que les composés sulfatés. Dérivé d'acide gras et d'amine naturelle, il entre dans la composition de produits lavants doux et est aussi utilisé dans les dentifrices.Ses fonctions (INCI). Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface. Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre. Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile). Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide. Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance. Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques; Noms français : GLYCINE, N-METHYL-N-(1-OXODODECYL)-, SODIUM SALT; Lauroylsarcosinate de sodium; N-lauroylsarcosinate de sodium; Noms anglais : SODIUM N-LAUROYLSARCOSINATE. Utilisation: Agent antiseptique; Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate; CAS names: Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt (1:1); IUPAC names: 2-[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetic acid; sodium; N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt, Sarkosyl NL, Sodium lauroyl sarcosinate; N-Methyl-N-(1-Oxododecyl)Glycine, Sodium Salt; sodium 2-(N-methyldodecanamido)acetate; sodium 2-[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate; sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate; SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE; Sodium Lauryl Sarconinate; Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate/Sodium lauroylsarcosinate; N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt; [Dodecanoyl(méthyl)amino]acétate de sodium [French] 137-16-6 [RN] 205-281-5 [EINECS] 5322974 Glycine, N-methyl-N- (1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name] MFCD00042728 Natrium-[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine sodium salt N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt solution N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine Sodium Salt Sarcosine, N-lauroyl-, sodium salt Sarcosyl Sarcosyl NL Sarkosyl NL Sodium [dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate [ACD/IUPAC Name] SODIUM LAUROYL SARCOSINATE Sodium lauroylsarcosinate Sodium N-dodecanoyl-N-methylglycinate SODIUM N-LAUROYL SARCOSINATE Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate solution [137-16-6] 2-(N-methyldodecanoylamino)acetic acid, sodium salt EINECS 205-281-5 Gardol Gardol? Glycine, N-methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)-, sodium salt Hamposyl L-30 Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt Maprosyl 30 Medialan LL-99 N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycine, sodium salt N-Dodecanoyl-N-methylglycinesodium salt N-LAUROYL-N-METHYLGLYCINE SODIUM SALT N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, 10% solution N-Lauroylsarcosine sodium salt, 30% solution N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium salt N-Lauroylsarcosinesodium salt N-Lauryl sarcosine sodium salt N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine, sodium salt Sarcosine, N-lauroyl-, sodium salt (8CI) Sarkosyl sodium 2-(dodecanoyl-methylamino)acetate sodium 2-(dodecanoyl-methyl-amino)acetate sodium 2-(dodecanoyl-methyl-amino)ethanoate sodium 2-(lauroyl-methyl-amino)acetate sodium 2-(methyl-(1-oxododecyl)amino)acetate Sodium 2-(N-methyldodecanamido)acetate Sodium lauroylsarcosine Sodium N-Lauroylsarcosinate|N-Dodecanoylsarcosine Sodium Salt|N-Lauroylsarcosine Sodium Salt SODIUM N-LAUROYLSARCOSINE sodium[dodecanoyl(methyl)amino]acetate

SODIUM LAURYL ASPARTATE N° CAS : 267653-39-4 Nom INCI : SODIUM LAURYL ASPARTATE Nom chimique : Aspartic acid, N-dodecyl-, monosodium salt Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 3088-31-1 Soudium POE(2) Lauryl Ether Sulfate; Soudium Diethylene Glycol Lauryl Ether Sulfate; Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate; 2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy)Ethyl Sodium Sulfate; Diethylene Glycol Monododecyl Ether Sulfate Sodium Salt; Lauristyl Diglycol Ether Sulfate Sodium Salt; Lauryl Diethylene Glycol Ether Sulfonate Sodium; Sodium Dioxyethylenedodecyl Ether Sulfate; Sodium Lauryl Alcohol Diglycol Ether Sulfate; Sodium Lauryloxyethoxyethyl Sulfate; Sodiumlaurylglycolether Sulfate; Natrium-2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy)ethylsulfat (German); Sulfato de sodio y 2-(2-dodeciloxietoxi)etilo (Spanish); Ssulfate de sodium et de 2-(2-dodécyloxyethoxy)éthyle (French);

SODIUM LAURYL GLUCOSE CARBOXYLATE Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate Derived from: coconut Pronunciation: (\ˈsō-dē-əm\ˈlȯr-əl \ˈglü-ˌkōs \car·box·yl·ate\) Type: Naturally-derived What Is Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate? Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is a yellow liquid derived from coconut. Coconuts grow on the cocos nucifera, or coconut palm tree, around the world in lowland tropical and subtropical areas where annual precipitation is low. Widely cultivated, healthy coconut palms produce 50 nuts per year, and the tree can be used to produce everything from food and drink to fibers, building materials, and natural ingredients. What Does Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate Do in Our products? Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is a surfactant that allows water, oil and dirt to mix, allowing things to become clean. It is also a foam booster and conditioning agent.[6] It can be found in personal care products such as shampoo, body wash, facial cleanser, exfoliants, makeup remover, and other items.[7] Why Puracy Uses Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate We use sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate as a biodegradable surfactant and cleanser. Whole Foods has deemed the ingredient acceptable in its body care quality standards.[9] Research shows the ingredient is typically not a strong skin irritant or sensitizer.[10,11,12] How Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate Is Made Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is an alkyl polyglucoside made by reacting corn starch with a fatty alcohol to produce a highly biodegradable surfactant. We try to be careful about what we put on our skin. We purchase products from reputable companies. We read ingredient labels, and avoid anything that sounds too chemical or harsh. But there are exceptions to the rules. Sometimes our first instincts are wrong. Take the following two ingredients, for example: Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate They look similar, right? And they both look, well, chemical. Which means bad, right? Not necessarily. In fact, one of these ingredients is a sheep in wolf’s clothing, and a very good-for-your-skin sheep at that. Do you know which one? What is Sodium Lauryl Sulfate? This is a common ingredient in cleansing products. You’re likely to see it in standard brands of facial cleansers, body washes, shampoos, and other similar items. Called “SLS” for short, it’s a surfactant made by treating lauryl alcohol (from coconut or palm kernel oil) with sulfur trioxade gas, oleum (fuming sulfuric acid), or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate, which is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate to produce SLS. This product is an effective cleanser but is too harsh and irritating for skin. It’s highly corrosive, which means it can remove oil and grease—but do you want that effect on your skin? Despite its irritating nature, it’s used in the cosmetic industry as well as in laundry products, engine degreasers, carpet cleaners, car wash soaps, and in other industrial cleaning applications. Studies have verified that this ingredient can be damaging. In the International Journal of Toxicology, researchers noted that it had a “degenerative effect on the cell membranes because of its protein denaturing properties,” and that it could cause skin irritation and corrosion. Researchers later wrote, “The longer these ingredients stay in contact with the skin, the greater the likelihood of irritation, which may or may not be evident to the user.” They add in their discussion of the study that the ingredient was found to cause “severe epidermal changes” where it was applied, and that it could also damage the hair follicle (when used in hair-care products). Even worse—a solution containing a 1-5 percent sodium lauryl sulfate caused acne! The researchers wrote: “These two problems—possible hair loss and comedone [pimple] formation—along with proven irritancy, should be considered in the formulation of cosmetic products.” Their conclusion was that as long as SLS is included at less than one percent and is rinsed off immediately, it appears to be safe. That’s not good enough for most of our customers, especially considering that we use cleansing products a couple times a day, every day, for most of our lives. This is an ingredient that with repeated use can cause hair and skin damage. So the first ingredient is definitely a no-no. But what about the second — sodium lauryl glucoside carboxylate? What is Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate? This ingredient has to be similar to SLS, right? Potentially just as damaging? Nope. And this is where skin care can get confusing. It’s a similar name, and it’s also a cleaning ingredient, but it’s much nicer to skin. To begin with, it lacks the “sulfate” part of the name, which identifies an ingredient as a salt of sulfuric acid. We don’t have any acid going on in this ingredient. So goodbye harsh irritant! Lauryl glucoside belongs to a class of ingredients called “glucosides” which are made by bonding the base group with sugar (instead of sulfuric acid). Salicylic acid, for example (found in oily skin care products), comes from salicin, which is a glucoside—a combination of salicyl alcohol and glucose (and found naturally in willow bark). To make sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate, lauryl alcohol—an essential fatty acid derived from coconut—is combined with glucose to produce lauryl glucoside, a mild, gentle cleanser that doesn’t dry skin or strip it of it’s natural oil. Ideal for use in facial cleansers and hair care products, it’s listed on the Safe Cosmetics Database and the GoodGuide database as being extremely safe. In addition, it’s approved for use in certified organic cosmetics by both the Organic Food Federation and EcoCert. The nice thing about this ingredient is that even though it’s non-irritating and gentle, it has an excellent performance profile in cleansing products, getting skin clean without damaging it. Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is a “sodium carboxymethyl ether” of lauryl glucoside, which simply means that it is a derivative of lauryl glucoside that’s a more economical form of the ingredient. Did We Clear It Up? We hope that this explanation clears up the difference for our readers! When you see the word “glucoside” in any ingredient, remember that it comes from glucose (sugar), and that is a much better source than sulfuric acid! As we move towards using INCI names on our products, we feel it's important to inform you about that these long ingredient names mean. Often we're told ‘if you can't pronounce the ingredient, you probably shouldn't use it,' but this is of course an oversimplification. Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is a sugar based surfactant used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in creams and lotions. It is produced from naturally occurring raw materials using natural processes and is perfectly safe with no adverse effects. This ingredient is approved for use in certified organic cosmetics by both Organic Food Federation and EcoCert. SODIUM LAURYL GLUCOSE CARBOXYLATE SODIUM LAURYL GLUCOSE CARBOXYLATE is classified as : Cleansing Surfactant COSING REF No: 59276 Chem/IUPAC Name: Sodium carboxymethyl ether of Lauryl Glucoside sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate Rating: GOOD Categories: Cleansing Agents A gentle cleansing agent that may be derived from coconut or made synthetically. Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate * A surfactant * Also seen as Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate Very little information is available regarding Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate, although according to TriNature.com, it is a foaming agent that is derived from glucoside from coconut and corn. It is also used as a natural replacement for the ingredient known as sodium laureth sulfate, or SLES. It is seen in cosmetics and personal care products as a surfactant, most often in cleansing formulas such as mild facial washes and special sulfate-free shampoos Functions: Very little information is available regarding Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate it is a foaming agent that is derived from glucoside from coconut and corn. It is also used as a natural replacement for the ingredient known as sodium laureth sulfate, or SLES. It is seen in cosmetics and personal care products as a surfactant, most often in cleansing formulas such as mild facial washes and special sulfate-free shampoos . Safety Measures/Side Effects: No studies were found that reported any negative side effects regarding the use of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate, although it is not reviewed by the Cosmetics Database or EWG. It is considered a milder form or alternative to sodium laureth sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate. (Sodium lauryl sulfate has been linked to cases of contact dermatitis and other irritation, in part because of its ability change the structure of proteins, while sodium laureth sulfate does not cause this reaction but can still be irritating.) Lauryl Glucoside and Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate Plant derived mild surfactants made from coconut oil. Sodium lauryl glucose carboxylate is a sugar based surfactant used as an emulsifier and stabilizer, it is produced from naturally occurring raw materials using natural processes and is safe with no adverse effects. Molecular Weight of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 282.35 g/mol 2.1 Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 1 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 4 Rotatable Bond Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 13 Exact Mass of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 282.180704 g/mol 2.1 Monoisotopic Mass of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 282.180704 g/mol 2.1 Topological Polar Surface Area of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 69.6 Ų Heavy Atom Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 19 Formal Charge of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 0 Complexity of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 200 Isotope Atom Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 0 Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 0 Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 1 Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 0 Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 0 Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate: 2 Compound of Sodium Lauryl Glucose Carboxylate Is Canonicalized?: Yes

cas no 137-16-6 Sarkosyl; n-lauroylsarcosine, sodium salt; N-Methyl-N-(1-oxododecyl)glycine, sodium salt; Sodium n-Lauriyl Sarcosinate; Natrium-N-lauroylsarkosinat (German); N-Lauroilsarcosinato de sodio (Spanish); N-Lauroylsarcosinate de sodium (French);

cas no 151-21-3 Dodecyl sodium sulfate; SLS; Sulfuric Acid Monododecyl Ester Sodium Salt; Sodium Dodecanesulfate; Dodecyl Alcohol,Hydrogen Sulfate,Sodium Salt; Akyposal SDS;

Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif et un agent moussant qui est souvent utilisé dans les produits de soins personnels, tels que les shampooings, les nettoyants et les dentifrices.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif anionique ayant la capacité de dénaturer les protéines.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturel présent dans le corps humain et à peu près tous les types de matériel biologique, des animaux aux plantes.

Numéro CAS : 137-16-6
Formule moléculaire : C15H28NO3.Na
Poids moléculaire : 293,38
Numéro EINECS : 205-281-5

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif anionique qui a également un pouvoir dénaturant des protéines.
En raison de sa propriété microbicide, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est considéré comme un puissant anti-microbicide dans les formulations topiques, en particulier contre les maladies sexuellement transmissibles (MST).
De plus, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium s'est avéré être un microbicide pour les maladies sexuellement transmissibles.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un agent nettoyant largement utilisé dans des produits tels que les shampooings, les dentifrices et autres produits de lavage.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium produit une quantité généreuse de mousse qui améliore considérablement l'application et la sensation des produits.

Sous sa forme brute, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être une poudre ou un liquide de nature douce.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est essentiellement le sel du laurylsarcosinate.
La formule chimique du lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est C15H28NNaO3.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif synthétique ou d'origine végétale (agent nettoyant) qui fonctionne également comme un émulsifiant, qui est un type d'ingrédient qui empêche les substances différentes de se séparer.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est le plus souvent utilisé dans les nettoyants et les shampooings pour le visage et le corps, mais il est parfois également utilisé dans les produits sans rinçage.
Dans les formules nettoyantes, le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium peut contribuer à un effet moussant. Ce tensioactif sûr à base d'acides aminés fonctionne bien avec divers glycols, silicones, solvants et esters de phosphate, ce qui le rend très polyvalent à formuler.

Offre une excellente stabilité chimique et est connu pour être doux pour la peau.
La noix de coco est une source courante de lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium dans les produits cosmétiques. Les évaluations de l'innocuité ont confirmé que cet ingrédient est non irritant et non sensibilisant lorsqu'il est appliqué sur la peau humaine en quantités allant jusqu'à 15 % dans les produits à rincer et 5 % dans les produits sans rinçage.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est approuvé pour une utilisation dans les cosmétiques.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, également connu sous le nom de sarcosyl, est un tensioactif anionique dérivé de la sarcosine utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant dans les shampooings, les mousses à raser, les dentifrices et les produits de lavage moussants.
Ce tensioactif est amphiphile en raison de la chaîne hydrophobe à 12 atomes de carbone (lauroyl) et du carboxylate hydrophile.
Étant donné que l'atome d'azote est dans une liaison amide, l'azote n'est pas actif au pH et est chargé de manière neutre dans toutes les solutions aqueuses, quel que soit le pH.

Le carboxylate a un pKa d'environ 3,6 et est donc chargé négativement dans les solutions de pH supérieur à environ 5,5.
Les vésicules sensibles au pH peuvent être préparées à l'aide de ce tensioactif avec un autre amphiphile cationique ou insoluble dans l'eau tel que le 1-décanol.
L'ajout d'un mélange à parts égales de lauroylsarcosinate de sodium et de monolaurate de sorbitan (S20), un tensioactif non ionique, à une solution eau/éthanol tamponnée a conduit à la formation d'agrégats de type micelle, même si aucun tensioactif ne formait de micelles lorsqu'il était présent seul.

De tels agrégats peuvent aider à transporter d'autres petites molécules, telles que des médicaments, à travers la peau.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, également connu sous le nom de sarkosyl, est une poudre blanche dérivée de la sarcosine, ce qui le rend sans destin et biodégradable.
Le tensioactif est amphiphile en raison de la chaîne hydrophobe à 12 atomes de carbone (lauroyl) et du carboxylate hydrophile.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme produit de soins personnels ainsi que dans les applications domestiques et industrielles, et il est utilisé comme cotensioactif dans les formulations de nettoyants tels que les shampooings et les nettoyants pour le corps.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut également être utilisé dans des applications de soins bucco-dentaires telles que les dentifrices et incorporé dans les barres syndet et combo.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est principalement un agent purifiant et nettoyant que l'on trouve dans une variété de produits de soins personnels tels que les nettoyants pour le visage, les shampooings et les gommages.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a la capacité de nettoyer et de revitaliser les cheveux tout en produisant une bonne quantité de mousse qui facilite le nettoyage.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est également doux pour le cuir chevelu afin qu'il ne l'endommage pas Soins de la peau : Dans les produits de soins de la peau, il est ajouté en raison de ses excellentes propriétés nettoyantes.

Cet ingrédient laisse la peau propre, lisse et souple tout en améliorant la texture de la surface.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a des propriétés regraissantes douces qui aident à apporter douceur et hydratation à la peau.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est particulièrement utile dans les produits de soins capillaires où il aide à donner du volume et à lisser la surface du follicule pileux.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium possède des propriétés antistatiques qui renforcent encore son utilité dans les produits de soins capillaires.
Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est le sel du lauryl sarcosine.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est une poudre ou un liquide dérivé de la noix de coco.

Les noix de coco poussent sur le cocos nucifera, ou cocotier.
Les cocotiers poussent dans le monde entier dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales des basses terres où les précipitations annuelles sont faibles.
Les cocotiers sains et largement cultivés produisent 50 noix par an, et l'arbre peut être utilisé pour produire tout, de la nourriture et des boissons aux fibres, aux matériaux de construction et aux ingrédients naturels.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est connu pour ses bonnes capacités de moussage tout en améliorant la douceur de la formule.
Les performances du Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium sont similaires à celles des isethionates, un autre groupe d'agents de nettoyage connus pour leur douceur.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a été vendu sous forme d'ingrédient spécial appelé « Gardol » dans la « crème dentaire » Colgate, comme on appelait alors le dentifrice, des années 1950 au milieu des années 1960 aux États-Unis et au milieu des années 1970 en France.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est actuellement utilisé comme dentifrice préventif dans le dentifrice au bicarbonate de soude Arm & Hammer, un produit de Church & Dwight, où il est utilisé comme tensioactif.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est le sel de lauroyl sarcosine (produit par la dégradation de la créatine ou de la caféine), un acide gras modifié.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est souvent utilisé dans les shampooings, les produits de bain, de nettoyage et de rasage en tant qu'agent moussant, tensioactif et agent revitalisant pour les cheveux, selon CosmeticsInfo.org et Wikipedia.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a la capacité d'améliorer l'apparence et la sensation des cheveux en améliorant le corps, la souplesse et la brillance, en particulier dans les cheveux endommagés chimiquement.
Cet ingrédient sert également à nettoyer la peau et les cheveux en se mélangeant à l'huile et à la saleté et en permettant de les rincer.
En tant qu'acide gras modifié, on pense que le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est plus soluble et a une cristallinité et une acidité accrues par rapport à sa composition originale en acides gras.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturel présent dans le corps humain et à peu près tous les types de matériel biologique, des animaux aux plantes.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est fabriqué à partir d'huile de noix de coco.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un nettoyant et un booster de mousse qui contribue à l'efficacité et à la sensation de notre dentifrice.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, également connu sous le nom de sarkosyl, est un tensioactif anionique dérivé de la sarcosine utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant dans les shampooings, les mousses à raser, les dentifrices et les produits de lavage moussants.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est amphiphile en raison de la chaîne hydrophobe à 12 atomes de carbone (lauroyl) et du carboxylate hydrophile.

Étant donné que le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est dans une liaison amide, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium n'est pas actif au pH et est chargé de manière neutre dans toutes les solutions aqueuses, quel que soit le pH.
Le carboxylate a un pKa d'environ 3,6 et est donc chargé négativement dans les solutions de pH supérieur à environ 5,5.
Les vésicules sensibles au PH peuvent être préparées à l'aide de ce tensioactif avec un autre amphiphile cationique ou insoluble dans l'eau tel que le 1-décanol.

L'ajout d'un mélange à parts égales de lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium et de monolaurate de sorbitan (S20), un tensioactif non ionique, à l'eau a conduit à la formation d'agrégats de type micelle, même si aucun des deux tensioactifs ne formait de micelles lorsqu'il était présent seul.
De tels agrégats peuvent aider à transporter d'autres petites molécules, telles que des médicaments, à travers la peau.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a été vendu sous forme d'ingrédient spécial appelé « Gardol » dans la « crème dentaire » Colgate, comme on appelait alors le dentifrice, des années 1950 au milieu des années 1960 aux États-Unis et au milieu des années 1970 en France.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, comme le laurylsulfate de sodium, est un agent nettoyant et moussant, mais c'est là que s'arrêtent les similitudes.
Dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturellement présent dans le corps, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est souvent réputé pour être un nettoyant en profondeur mais aussi pour être doux.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium agit en attirant l'excès de sébum et de saleté, puis en éliminant soigneusement la saleté des cheveux en les émulsionnant afin qu'ils se rincent facilement à l'eau.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium est un tensioactif anionique dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturel.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant dans divers produits de soins personnels, tels que les shampooings, les dentifrices, les mousses à raser et les nettoyants moussants.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium présente plusieurs avantages par rapport aux autres tensioactifs, tels que le fait d'être doux pour la peau et les cheveux, d'améliorer la brillance et le corps des cheveux abîmés et d'être respectueux de l'environnement.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium peut être obtenu à partir de sources naturelles, telles que l'huile de noix de coco, ou synthétisé à partir d'acides gras et de sarcosine.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est considéré comme sûr et efficace pour un usage cosmétique.

Point de fusion : 46 °C
Densité : 1,033 g/mL à 20 °C
pression de vapeur : 0,02 hPa (20 °C)
RTECS : MC0598960
Point d'éclair : 267°C
Température de stockage : Température ambiante
solubilité : H2O : 1 M à 20 °C, limpide, incolore
forme : Poudre
Densité : 1.03 (20/4°C)
couleur : Blanc
Son nom : à 100,00 ?%. Si vous êtes un jeune
PH : 7,0-9,0 (25 °C, 1 M en H2O)
Solubilité dans l'eau : Soluble dans l'eau (293 g/L).
Sensible : Hygroscopique
λmax : λ : 260 nm Amax : 0,2
λ : 280 nm Amax : 0,06
Merck : 14,4368
BRN : 5322974
Stabilité : Stable. Incompatible avec les agents oxydants forts.
Log P : 0,37

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium et le laurylsulfate de sodium sont tous deux des tensioactifs, ce qui signifie qu'ils aident à créer de la mousse et à éliminer la saleté et l'huile des cheveux.
Le laurylsulfate de sodium est un tensioactif agressif et irritant qui peut enlever la couleur et l'humidité des cheveux, provoquant sécheresse, frisottis et dommages.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, quant à lui, est un tensioactif doux et biodégradable dérivé d'acides gras et de sarcosine, un acide aminé.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est doux pour les cheveux et le cuir chevelu et n'affecte pas l'équilibre naturel du pH de la peau.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un ingrédient écologique et sûr que les amateurs de beauté naturelle louent.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium provient de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturel, et il peut bien nettoyer et mousser sans dessécher ni irriter la peau et les cheveux.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est également doux pour l'environnement, dérivé de sources naturelles et peu transformé.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est une poudre d'un tensioactif biodégradable doux produit à partir de l'acide aminé sarcosine.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est très doux, peut former des mousses crémeuses riches et stables et peut aider à revitaliser et à hydrater.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium est un agent nettoyant qui renforce l'effet moussant, ce qui contribue à l'efficacité de nombreux produits cosmétiques.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium est souvent choisi comme l'un des substrats des formulations cosmétiques en raison de sa facilité d'utilisation et de son efficacité.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé avec des préparations contenant et sans SLS.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium a des propriétés dégraissantes douces qui aident à restaurer la douceur et l'hydratation de la peau.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est particulièrement utile dans les produits de soins capillaires, où il ajoute du volume et aide à lisser la surface des follicules pileux.
Grâce à ces propriétés, l'effet de cheveux bien nourris et lisses est obtenu.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium possède des propriétés antistatiques (empêche l'électricité statique dans les cheveux), ce qui augmente encore son utilité dans les produits de soins capillaires.
De plus, ce composé joue un rôle conservateur dans les produits de soin et réduit l'effet très irritant d'autres substances.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium améliore l'apparence et la sensation des cheveux, en augmentant le corps, la souplesse ou la brillance des cheveux, ou en améliorant la texture des cheveux qui ont été endommagés physiquement ou par un traitement chimique.

Ils nettoient également la peau et les cheveux en aidant l'eau à se mélanger à l'huile et à la saleté afin qu'ils puissent être rincés.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un ingrédient utilisé pour aider à améliorer la capacité moussante d'une formulation.
En tant que tensioactif, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium aide à éliminer les huiles et la saleté de la peau, vous laissant une peau propre.

Les tensioactifs sont des composés qui abaissent la tension superficielle entre les liquides et les solides.
Cette capacité est due au fait que le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a une extrémité hydrophile ou aimant l'eau de la molécule et une extrémité hydrophobe ou détestant l'eau de la molécule.
Cela permet au lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium de se lier à la fois aux composés à base d'huile et d'eau, les soulevant tous les deux de la surface de la peau.

Le Lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est le sel de lauryl sarcosine dérivé de la noix de coco.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est plus doux que le SLES et réduit l'irritation des autres tensioactifs, tout en offrant une excellente sensation de douceur sur la peau et les cheveux.
Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif à base d'acides aminés qui présente une bonne biodégradabilité et biocompatibilité.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est connu pour sa douceur exceptionnelle et ses propriétés moussantes, il a de bonnes propriétés nettoyantes et donne aux cheveux et à la peau une sensation de douceur durable.
En tant que co-tensioactif, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut aider à réduire les effets irritants d'autres tensioactifs.
Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate ingrédients parfaits pour les soins de bébé, les peaux sensibles et les produits de soins du visage.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif anionique doux et biodégradable dérivé de la sarcosine utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant dans les shampooings, les mousses à raser, les dentifrices et les produits de lavage moussants.
Le tensioactif est amphiphile en raison de la chaîne hydrophobe à 12 atomes de carbone (lauroyl) et du carboxylate hydrophile.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif hautement moussant et respectueux de l'environnement.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium a une bonne stabilité au chlore avec des propriétés anti-corrosion.
Ce tensioactif a une excellente tolérance oculaire et une grande douceur.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est souvent utilisé dans les shampooings, les produits de bain, de nettoyage et de rasage en tant qu'agent moussant, tensioactif et agent de conditionnement capillaire.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a la capacité d'améliorer l'apparence et la sensation des cheveux en améliorant le corps, la souplesse et la brillance, en particulier dans les cheveux endommagés chimiquement.
Cet ingrédient sert également à nettoyer la peau et les cheveux en se mélangeant à l'huile et à la saleté et en permettant de les rincer.
En tant qu'acide gras modifié, on pense qu'il est plus soluble et qu'il a une cristallinité et une acidité accrues par rapport à sa composition originale en acides gras.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un autre agent nettoyant et moussant doux et doux pour les cheveux.
Dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturellement présent dans le corps, le sarcosinate de laurier de sodium est souvent plébiscité pour être non seulement un nettoyant en profondeur, mais aussi un nettoyant très doux.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium agit en attirant l'excès de sébum et de saleté, puis en éliminant soigneusement la saleté des cheveux en les émulsionnant afin qu'ils se rincent facilement à l'eau.

Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium comme tensioactif et nettoyant.
Le Cosmetics Ingredient Review a jugé que l'ingrédient peut être utilisé en toute sécurité dans les produits cosmétiques lorsqu'il est formulé pour être non irritant.
La recherche montre que l'ingrédient n'est généralement pas un irritant ou un sensibilisant pour la peau et peut améliorer la pénétration d'autres ingrédients à travers la peau.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium (C15H28NO3) est le nom INCI d'un tensioactif anionique du groupe des tensioactifs.
Le nom chimique de cette substance est le sel de sodium N-lauroylsarcosine.
Les noms alternatifs pour ce composé sont le N-lauroylsarcosinate de sodium et le Sarcosyl NL.

Le numéro CAS qui identifie de manière unique ce composé est 137-16-6.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium existe à la fois sous forme solide et sous forme de solution aqueuse avec une concentration en substance active d'environ 30%.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est généralement utilisé comme tensioactif secondaire dans une plage de concentration de 1 à 5 %.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif sûr à base d'acides aminés qui fonctionne bien avec une variété de glycols, de silicones, de solvants et d'esters de phosphate, ce qui le rend très polyvalent dans les formulations cosmétiques.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium offre une excellente stabilité chimique et est connu pour son pH doux pour la peau qui ne provoque pas d'irritation supplémentaire.
La noix de coco est une source courante de lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium dans les produits cosmétiques.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme ingrédient dans les shampooings, les nettoyants pour le visage pour enfants et adultes, les lotions de bain et les dentifrices.
De plus, on peut le trouver dans les liquides d'hygiène intime ou les produits démaquillants.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est également utilisé dans les détergents ménagers et leurs homologues professionnels pour des applications industrielles, pour le nettoyage des surfaces, en particulier pour le nettoyage des véhicules.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est une substance très active et en même temps très douce pour la peau.
La substance n'a pas été classée comme allergène potentiel.
Les évaluations de l'innocuité ont confirmé que cet ingrédient est non irritant et non sensibilisant lorsqu'il est appliqué sur la peau humaine en quantités allant jusqu'à 15 % pour les détergents à rincer et 5 % pour les produits sans rinçage.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium est approuvé pour une utilisation dans les cosmétiques, même ceux destinés aux soins des enfants.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un agent nettoyant doux et efficace dérivé de la sarcosine, un acide aminé naturel présent dans le corps.
La sarcosine est produite par la dégradation de la créatine ou de la caféine, puis combinée avec de l'acide laurique, un acide gras de la noix de coco ou du palmiste. Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif anionique qui peut attirer et éliminer la saleté, le sébum et les bactéries des cheveux et de la peau.

Le lauroylsarcosinate de sodium fonctionne également comme un émulsifiant, ce qui aide à mélanger l'eau et l'huile.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est couramment utilisé dans les shampooings, les dentifrices, les mousses à raser et les produits de lavage moussants, car il crée une mousse riche et stable qui peut améliorer l'apparence et la sensation des cheveux et de la peau.
Contrairement au laurylsulfate de sodium, un autre tensioactif connu pour être agressif et irritant, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est doux et doux.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium n'enlève pas l'humidité naturelle ou la couleur des cheveux.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est également considéré comme respectueux de l'environnement et biodégradable, car il est dérivé de sources naturelles.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est principalement utilisé comme tensioactif dans notre catégorie de produits de shampooing sans sulfate.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium aide à améliorer l'apparence et la sensation des cheveux, en augmentant le corps, la souplesse ou la brillance des cheveux, ou en améliorant la texture des cheveux qui ont été endommagés physiquement ou par un traitement chimique.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium sert également à nettoyer le cuir chevelu et les cheveux en se mélangeant à l'huile et à la saleté et en permettant de les rincer.
Les tensioactifs sarcosinates sont des tensioactifs anioniques doux et biodégradables dérivés d'acides gras et de sarcosine (acide aminé).

Ces composés se caractérisent par la formation de mousse et la résistance au détartrage du sébum dans les nettoyants, les polymères, les produits chimiques industriels, les produits pétroliers et les lubrifiants.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme agent moussant et nettoyant pour les shampooings, les mousses à raser et les nettoyants moussants.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme inhibiteur de corrosion et dans la formulation d'agents de traitement des textiles.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif doux qui peut éliminer la saleté, le sébum et les bactéries de la peau et des cheveux.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium aide également à créer une mousse riche et crémeuse dans des produits comme le shampooing, le dentifrice, la mousse à raser, etc.
Contrairement à certains tensioactifs plus agressifs, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium ne dépouille pas l'humidité naturelle et n'endommage pas la barrière protectrice de la peau et des cheveux.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est dérivé de sources naturelles telles que l'huile de noix de coco et la sarcosine, un acide aminé présent dans la viande et les œufs.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est considéré comme sûr et doux pour la plupart des types de peau et peut laisser une sensation douce et lisse après utilisation.

Utilise:
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un agent moussant utilisé principalement dans les produits capillaires.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium, également connu sous le nom de sarkosyl, est une poudre blanche dérivée de la sarcosine, ce qui le rend sans destin et biodégradable.
Le tensioactif est amphiphile en raison de la chaîne hydrophobe à 12 atomes de carbone (lauroyl) et du carboxylate hydrophile.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est parfois inclus dans les formulations de shampooings, de nettoyants corporels et de bains moussants pour bébés en raison de sa nature relativement douce par rapport à d'autres tensioactifs.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être trouvé dans les lingettes ou les lingettes nettoyantes pour le visage, contribuant à leur capacité à éliminer les impuretés de la peau.
Dans certains démaquillants, en particulier ceux sous forme liquide ou de gel, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé pour aider à décomposer et à démaquiller.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé dans les savons liquides pour les mains pour fournir des propriétés nettoyantes et créer un effet moussant.
Certains bains de bouche peuvent contenir du laurylsarcosinate de sodium pour son action moussante et sa capacité à disperser d'autres ingrédients actifs.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être trouvé dans les formulations pour les nettoyants intimes, contribuant aux propriétés nettoyantes de ces produits.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme produit de soins personnels ainsi que dans les applications domestiques et industrielles, et il est utilisé comme co-tensioactif dans les formulations de nettoyants tels que les shampooings et les nettoyants pour le corps.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut également être utilisé dans des applications de soins bucco-dentaires telles que les dentifrices et incorporé dans les barres syndet et combo.
Les niveaux d'utilisation typiques varient de 1 à 5 % sur une base active.

Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé dans divers produits de nettoyage industriels et institutionnels en raison de ses propriétés tensioactives.
Dans certaines formulations, en particulier les encres et les peintures, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé pour faciliter la dispersion et le mélange.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être inclus dans la formulation des fluides de travail des métaux pour améliorer leurs propriétés de mouillage et de nettoyage.

Dans certaines formulations adhésives, du laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être ajouté pour améliorer les caractéristiques d'étalement et de mouillage.
Dans l'industrie agricole, le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé dans certaines formulations de pesticides comme émulsifiant ou agent mouillant.
Bien qu'il ne soit pas aussi courant, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut trouver des applications dans l'industrie alimentaire, en particulier dans certaines applications de transformation et d'emballage des aliments.

Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé pour la solubilisation et la séparation des protéines membranaires et des glycoprotéines ; inhiberait l'hexokinase.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utile dans les solutions salines concentrées utilisées dans l'étape de lyse cellulaire lors de la purification de l'ARN (aide à éviter une formation excessive de mousse).
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium a été utilisé pour indiquer le changement de signe d'anisotropie paramagnétique dans le mésophage micellaire.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est un tensioactif utilisé comme ingrédient dans les shampooings, les nettoyants pour bébés et visages, les lotions pour le bain et les dentifrices ; Ils sont utilisés dans les détergents ménagers et professionnels pour le nettoyage des surfaces dures, en particulier pour le nettoyage des voitures.
Lorsque le lauroyl est d'origine renouvelable, on l'appelle sarcosinate de cocoyle.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé comme tensioactif dans les nettoyants pour le visage et les nettoyants pour le visage pour aider à éliminer la saleté, le sébum et le maquillage de la peau.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est ajouté aux shampooings pour créer une action moussante et aider à répartir le produit uniformément dans les cheveux.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium aide à nettoyer le cuir chevelu et les cheveux.
Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est utilisé dans certaines formulations de dentifrice pour ses propriétés moussantes et sa capacité à aider à disperser d'autres ingrédients dans la bouche.

Semblable à son utilisation dans les nettoyants pour le visage, le lauryl sarcosinate de sodium est inclus dans les nettoyants pour le corps et les gels douche pour ses propriétés nettoyantes.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est utilisé dans certaines crèmes à raser pour fournir une texture lisse et crémeuse, aidant le rasoir à glisser facilement sur la peau.
Dans certaines formulations d'après-shampooing, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être inclus pour contribuer à l'étalement et à l'application du produit.

Bien qu'il ne soit pas aussi courant que dans les nettoyants, le lauryl sarcosinate de sodium peut être trouvé dans certaines formulations de crèmes et de lotions, en particulier dans celles conçues pour les soins du visage.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est parfois utilisé dans les formulations de crème solaire pour aider à la distribution uniforme du produit sur la peau.
Le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être utilisé dans la formulation d'émulsions, aidant à stabiliser le mélange de composants d'eau et d'huile dans les cosmétiques.

Dans certains produits de coloration ou de teinture capillaire, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être présent pour aider à l'application et à la distribution de la couleur.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium peut être inclus dans les formulations de gommages, de crèmes et de lotions pour les pieds, contribuant aux propriétés nettoyantes et hydratantes.
Au-delà des produits de soins personnels, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est également utilisé dans l'industrie textile comme agent mouillant et détergent dans le traitement des textiles.

En plus de ses utilisations cosmétiques, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium peut être trouvé dans certains produits d'entretien ménager pour ses propriétés tensioactives.
Dans certains produits de bain comme les bains moussants, le laurylsarcosinate de sodium est utilisé pour créer un effet moussant luxueux.

Profil d'innocuité :
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est bon pour la peau et les cheveux.
Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium n'a pas d'effets secondaires courants tels qu'une irritation et une sensibilité de la peau.

Le lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium est également végétalien et peut être ajouté à des concentrations allant jusqu'à 5 % dans les produits sans rinçage et 15 % dans les produits à rincer.
De plus, cet ingrédient est non comédogène, il n'obstrue donc pas les pores et ne provoque pas d'acné.
Le Lauroyl Sarcosinate de Sodium peut être utilisé sur tous les types de peau.

Synonymes:
137-16-6
Lauroylsarcosinate de sodium
Sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate
Sel de sodium N-Lauroylsarcosine
Sarkosyl NL
Lauroyl sarcosinate de sodium
Gardol
Sarkosyl
Medialan LL-99
Glycine, N-méthyl-N-(1-oxododécyl)-, sel de sodium
Sarcosyl NL
Maprosyl 30
Composé 105
Hamposyl L-30
Sarcosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL 30
Sarkosyl NL 35
Sarkosyl NL 97
Sarkosyl NL 100
Lauroylsarcosine de sodium
N-dodécanoyl-N-méthylglycinate de sodium
N-lauroylsarcosine sodique
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sodium
Sel de sodium de lauroylsarcosine
N-Lauroylsarcosine, sel de sodium
Lauroylsarcosine (sodium)
DTXSID0027066
N-dodécanoyl-N-méthylglycine, sel de sodium
acétate de 2-(N-méthyldodécacanamido)sodium
[dodécanoyl(méthyl)amino]acétate de sodium
Référence 632GS99618
Sarcosine, N-lauroyl-, sel de sodium
N-dodécanoylsarcosinate de sodium
Glycine, N-méthyl-N-(1-oxododécyl)-, sel de sodium (1 :1)
Sel de sodium N-dodécanoylsarcosine
Caswell n° 778B
Lauroylsarcosine (sel de sodium)
MFCD00042728
NSC-117874
Lauroyl sarcosine de sodium
SODIUM N-LAUROYL SARCOSINATE
EINECS 205-281-5
Code des pesticides chimiques de l'EPA 000174
NSC 117874
Sel de N-Dodécanoyl-N-méthylglycine sodique
Sel de N-LaurylSarcosine Sodium
UNII-632GS99618
Par Starbld0009501
CARDINAL [MI]
MEDIALAN LL-33
CE 205-281-5
N-méthyl-N-(1-oxododécyl)glycine, sel de sodium
SCHEMBL23451
Lauroylsarcosine, sel de sodium
DTXCID907066
Sel de N-méthyl-N-(1-oxododécyl)glycine et de sodium (1 :1)
CHEMBL1903482
KSAVQLQVUXSOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Tox21_202996
AKOS015901704
LAUROYL SARCOSINATE DE SODIUM [II]
NCGC00164323-01
NCGC00260541-01
LAUROYL SARCOSINATE DE SODIUM [INCI]
Réf. AS-81025
CAS-137-16-6
LAUROYL SARCOSINATE DE SODIUM [VANDF]
sodium; 2-[dodécanoyl(méthyl)amino]acétate
HY-125920
LAUROYL SARCOSINATE DE SODIUM [USP-RS]
Réf. CS-0103267
FT-0631797
N° L0019
Réf. S0597
Réf. E81236
A934513
Q309660
N° W-108241

SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This molecule is an organosulfate and a salt. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, the ester of dodecyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent.[not verified in body] Also derived as a component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils, Sodium lauryl sulfate is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations. Structure and properties Structure of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate is in the family of organosulfate compounds,[2] and has the formula, CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of a 12-carbon alcohol that has been esterified to sulfuric acid. An alternative description is that it is an alkyl group with a pendant, terminal sulfate group attached. As a result of its hydrocarbon tail, and its anionic "head group", it has amphiphilic properties that allow it to form micelles, and so act as a detergent. Physicochemical properties Bottle of 20% Sodium lauryl sulfate in distilled water for use in the laboratory. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in pure water at 25 °C is 8.2 mM,[1] and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 62.[3] The micelle ionization fraction (α) is around 0.3 (or 30%). Production of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate is synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide gas, oleum, or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate.[5] The resulting product is then neutralized through the addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.[citation needed] Lauryl alcohol can be used in pure form or may be derived from either coconut or palm kernel oil by hydrolysis (which liberates their fatty acids), followed by hydrogenation.[citation needed] When produced from these sources, commercial samples of these "Sodium lauryl sulfate" products are actually not pure Sodium lauryl sulfate, rather a mixture of various sodium alkyl sulfates with Sodium lauryl sulfate being the main component.[6] For instance, Sodium lauryl sulfate is a component, along with other chain-length amphiphiles, when produced from coconut oil, and is known as sodium coco sulfate (SCS).[7] Sodium lauryl sulfate is available commercially in powder, pellet, and other forms (each differing in rates of dissolution), as well as in aqueous solutions of varying concentrations. Applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate Cleaning and hygiene Sodium lauryl sulfate is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.[8] It is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues; for example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car exterior cleaners. In lower concentrations, it is found in hand soap, toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and bubble bath formulations, for its ability to create a foam (lather), for its surfactant properties, and in part for its thickening effect. Food additive of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate, appearing as its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the USFDA (21 CFR 172.822).[11] It is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid.[12] SLS is reported to temporarily diminish perception of sweetness. Laboratory applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate Principal applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate, in science referred to as Sodium lauryl sulfate (Sodium lauryl sulfate), is used in cleaning procedures,[14] and is commonly used as a component for lysing cells during RNA extraction and/or DNA extraction, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for electrophoresis in the Sodium lauryl sulfate-PAGE technique. Denaturation of a protein using Sodium lauryl sulfate In the case of Sodium lauryl sulfate-PAGE, the compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, and so denaturing them, i.e. causing the protein molecules to lose their native conformations and shapes. By binding to proteins at a ratio of one Sodium lauryl sulfate molecule per 2 amino acid residues, the negatively charged detergent provides all proteins with a similar net negative charge and therefore a similar charge-to-mass ratio.[16] In this way, the difference in mobility of the polypeptide chains in the gel can be attributed solely to their length as opposed to both their native charge and shape.[16][17] It is possible to make separation based on the size of the polypeptide chain to simplify the analysis of protein molecules, this can be achieved by denaturing proteins with the detergent Sodium lauryl sulfate.[18] The association of Sodium lauryl sulfate molecules with protein molecules imparts an associated negative charge to the molecular aggregate formed;[citation needed] this negative charge is significantly greater than the original charge of that protein.[citation needed] The electrostatic repulsion that is created by Sodium lauryl sulfate binding forces proteins into a rod-like shape, thereby eliminating differences in shape as a factor for electrophoretic separation in gels.[citation needed] A dodecyl sulfate molecule has two negative charges at the pH value used for electrophoresis, this will lead the net charge of coated polypeptide chains to be much more negative than uncoated chains.[18] The charge-to-mass ratio is essentially identical for different proteins because Sodium lauryl sulfate coating dominates the charge. Miscellaneous applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using Sodium lauryl sulfate to eliminate light scattering with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent.[19][20] Along with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and Triton X-100, aqueous solutions of Sodium lauryl sulfate are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes. Niche uses of Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate has been proposed as a potentially effective topical microbicide, for intravaginal use, to inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various enveloped and non-enveloped viruses such as the herpes simplex viruses, HIV, and the Semliki Forest virus.[22][23] In gas hydrate formation experiments, Sodium lauryl sulfate is used as a gas hydrate growth promoter.[24][25] [26] Researchers aim for gas hydrate promotions as scale-up of industrial applications of gas hydrates such as desalination process,[27] gas storage, and gas separation technologies.[28] Liquid membranes formed from Sodium lauryl sulfate in water have been demonstrated to work as unusual particle separators.[29] The device acts as a reverse filter, allowing large particles to pass while capturing smaller particles. Toxicology of Sodium lauryl sulfate Carcinogenicity Sodium lauryl sulfate is not carcinogenic when consumed or applied directly, even to amounts and concentrations that exceed amounts used in standard commercial products.[30][31] The earlier review of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program Expert Panel in 1983 reported that Sodium lauryl sulfate (there, abbreviated SLS, for sodium lauryl sulfate) in concentrations up to 2%, in a year-long oral dietary studies in dogs, gave no evidence of tumorigenicity or carcinogenicity, and that no excess chromosomal aberrations or clastogenic effects were observed in rats fed up to 1.13% sodium lauryl sulfate in their diets for 90 days, over those on a control diet.[30]:157, 175 The 2005 review by the same group indicated that further available data lacked any available suggestion that Sodium lauryl sulfate or the related ammonium salt of the same amphiphile could be carcinogenic, stating that "Despite assertions to the contrary on the Internet, the carcinogenicity of these ingredients is only a rumor;" both studies conclude that Sodium lauryl sulfate appears "to be safe in formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by thorough rinsing from the surface of the skin. In products intended for prolonged contact with skin, concentrations should not exceed 1%. Sensitivity of Sodium lauryl sulfate Like all detergents, sodium lauryl sulfate removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation.[citation needed] It has been shown to irritate the skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults.[32] Sodium lauryl sulfate may worsen skin problems in individuals with chronic skin hypersensitivity, with some people being affected more than others.[33][34][35] Oral concerns of Sodium lauryl sulfate The low cost of Sodium lauryl sulfate,[36] its lack of impact on taste,[36] its potential impact on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which contribute to malodorous breath,[37] and its desirable action as a foaming agent have led to the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate in the formulations of toothpastes.[36] A series of small crossover studies (25-34 patients) have supported the efficacy of SLS in the reduction of VSCs, and its related positive impact on breath malodor, although these studies have been generally noted to reflect technical challenges in the control of study design variables.[37] While primary sources from the group of Irma Rantanen at University of Turku, Finland conclude an impact on dry mouth (xerostomia) from SLS-containing pastes, a 2011 Cochrane review of these studies, and of the more general area, concludes that there "is no strong evidence… that any topical therapy is effective for relieving the symptom of dry mouth."[38] A safety concern has been raised on the basis of several studies regarding the effect of toothpaste Sodium lauryl sulfate on aphthous ulcers, commonly referred to as canker or white sores.[36] A consensus regarding practice (or change in practice) has not appeared as a result of the studies.[39][40] As Lippert notes, of 2013, "very few… marketed toothpastes contain a surfactant other than SLS [Sodium lauryl sulfate]," and leading manufacturers continue to formulate their produce with Sodium lauryl sulfate. Interaction with fluoride Some studies have suggested that SLS in toothpaste may decrease the effectiveness of fluoride at preventing dental caries (cavities). This may be due to SLS interacting with the deposition of fluoride on tooth enamel. Readily pourable, palm-derived, high foaming, anionic surfactant used in the chemical formulating and detergent manufacturing industries. It is a higher foaming variation of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLES). Features of Sodium lauryl sulfate : Free flowing liquid makes it easier to pour. Used in wetting agent formulations, liquid detergents, cleaners, shampoos and laundry detergents. Sodium lauryl sulfate dissolves readily in hard and soft water and provides a consistent foam character. Packaging of Sodium lauryl sulfate : Sodium lauryl sulfate is available in IBCs (1000kg bulk containers) and drums. Safety of Sodium lauryl sulfate : Please consult the SDS on Sodium lauryl sulfate before use. Sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulphate) is a kind of anionic surfactant, dissolves in the water easily, compatibility with anion and non-ionic, good performances on emulsifying, foaming, osmosis, detergency and de-centrality. Sodium lauryl sulfate Powder Sodium lauryl sulfate Powder is a widely used surfactant often used as a foaming agent in many common products like Bath products, shampoos, foaming powders and mony industrial and commercial cleaners. SaveonCitric offers a highly Active, high quality Sodium lauryl sulfate Powdered Sodium lauryl sulfate. If you are formulating a product like a powdered or tablet cleanser, or blending liquid hard surface or carpet cleaners, try Sodium lauryl sulfate Powder. Check the FIFRa list if you are formulating blends and looking for an accepted surfactant. Sodium lauryl sulfate , synonymously, Sodium lauryl sulfate , or sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. The sodium salt is of an organosulfate class of organics. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, the ester of dodecyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent.[not verified in body] Also derived as a component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils, Sodium lauryl sulfate is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetic, and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate 's uses in these products have been thoroughly evaluated and determined to be safe for consumers and the environment. Sodium lauryl sulfate , sodium laurilsulfate or Sodium lauryl sulfate (Sodium lauryl sulfate or NaDS) (C12H25SO4Na) is an anionic surfactant used as an emulsifying cleaning agent in many cleaning and hygiene products. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash soaps. It is used in lower concentrations with toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams. It is an important component in bubble bath formulations for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather. WHAT IS Sodium lauryl sulfate ? Sodium lauryl sulfate , also known as Sodium lauryl sulfate, is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetics, and personal care products. The Sodium lauryl sulfate formula is a highly effective anionic surfactant used to remove oily stains and residues. It is found in high concentrations in industrial products, including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash products, where workplace protections can be implemented to avoid unsafe exposures. Sodium lauryl sulfate is also used in lower concentrations in household and personal care products such as cleaning products, toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams. SAFETY Sodium lauryl sulfate has been thoroughly reviewed for its safety by a number of governments. Sodium lauryl sulfate from the requirement of tolerance for residues when used as a component of food contact sanitizing solutions applied to all food contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils at a maximum level in the end-use concentration of 350 parts per million (ppm). The regulation eliminates the need to establish a maximum permissible level for residues of Sodium lauryl sulfate. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes Sodium lauryl sulfate on its list of multipurpose additives allowed to be directly added to food. Sodium lauryl sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate are also approved indirect food additives. For example, both ingredients are permitted to be used as components of coatings. Sodium lauryl sulfate and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate may be used in cosmetics and personal care products marketed in Europe according to the general provisions of the Cosmetics Directive of the European Union. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which is an organization of 30-plus developed countries, has reviewed the human and environmental hazards of a category of chemicals that includes Sodium lauryl sulfate. No chronic human health hazards, including carcinogenicity, were identified. The hazard assessment for the category (alkyl sulphates, alkane sulphonates and alpha-olefin sulphonates category) is posted on the OECD website. Sodium lauryl sulfate has also been thoroughly reviewed for human safety by an industry funded, independent panel, which found: There is no evidence of harm from the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate in cosmetic products, where there is intentional, direct contact with the skin. The ingredient was reviewed in 1983 and re-reviewed in 2005 by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)1 Expert Panel and found to be safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate can cause skin irritation in some persons, which is one reason why it is important to follow the label instructions when using a cleaning product. A complete report on Sodium lauryl sulfate is available from CIR. Use: -Detergency: tooth paste, shampoo, cosmetic, detergent, etc. -Construction: plasterboard, additive of concrete, coating, etc. -Pharmaceutical: Medicine, pesticide, etc. -Leather: leather soft agent, wool cleaning agent, etc. -Paper making: penetrant, flocculating agent, deinking agent, etc. -Auxiliaries: textile auxiliaries, plastic auxiliaries, etc. -Fire fighting: oil well fire fighting, fire fighting device, etc. -Mineral choosing: mine flotation, coal water mixture, etc. Overview Sodium lauryl sulfate is one of the ingredients you'll find listed on your shampoo bottle. However, unless you're a chemist, you likely don't know what it is. The chemical is found in many cleaning and beauty products, but it's frequently misunderstood. Urban myths have linked it to cancer, skin irritation, and more. Science may tell a different story. How it works Sodium lauryl sulfate is what's known as a "surfactant." This means it lowers the surface tension between ingredients, which is why it's used as a cleansing and foaming agent. Most concerns about Sodium lauryl sulfate stem from the fact that it can be found in beauty and self-care products as well as in household cleaners. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a surfactant with a similar chemical formula. However, SLES is milder and less irritating than Sodium lauryl sulfate. Where you'll find Sodium lauryl sulfate If you look under your bathroom sink, or on the shelf in your shower, it's very likely you'll find Sodium lauryl sulfate in your home. It's used in a variety of products, including: Grooming products, such as shaving cream, lip balm, hand sanitizer, nail treatments, makeup remover, foundation, facial cleansers, exfoliants, and liquid hand soap Hair products, such as shampoo, conditioner, hair dye, dandruff treatment, and styling gel Dental care products, such as toothpaste, teeth whitening products, and mouthwash Bath products, such as bath oils or salts, body wash, and bubble bath Creams and lotions, such as hand cream, masks, anti-itch creams, hair-removal products, and sunscreen You'll notice that all of these products are topical, or applied directly to the skin or body. Sodium lauryl sulfate is also used as a food additive, usually as an emulsifier or a thickener. It can be found in dried egg products, some marshmallow products, and certain dry beverage bases. Are there dangers? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regards Sodium lauryl sulfate as safe as a food additive. Regarding its use in cosmetics and body products, the safety assessment study of Sodium lauryl sulfate , published in 1983 in the International Journal of Toxicology (the most recent assessment), found that it's not harmful if used briefly and rinsed from the skin, as with shampoos and soaps. The report says that products that stay on the skin longer shouldn't exceed 1 percent concentration of Sodium lauryl sulfate. However, the same assessment did suggest some possible, albeit minimal, risk to humans using Sodium lauryl sulfate. For example, some tests found that continuous skin exposure to Sodium lauryl sulfate could cause mild to moderate irritation in animals. Nevertheless, the assessment concluded that Sodium lauryl sulfate is safe in formulations used in cosmetics and personal care products. Because many of these products are designed to be rinsed off after short applications, the risks are minimal. According to most research, Sodium lauryl sulfate is an irritant but not a carcinogen. Studies have shown no link between the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate and increased cancer risk. According to a 2015 study, Sodium lauryl sulfate is safe for use in household cleaning products. About 1/3 of HIV positive mothers transmit the virus to their newborns, and 1/2 of these infections occur during breastfeeding. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), an anionic surfactant, is a common ingredient of cosmetic and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate is "readily biodegradable" with low toxicity and "is of no concern with respect to human health". Up to 1 g of Sodium lauryl sulfate/kg is the maximum safe dose for children. Alkyl sulfates, including Sodium lauryl sulfate, are microbicidal against HIV types 1 and 2, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human papillomaviruses and chlamydia. /The study/ hypothesizes that Sodium lauryl sulfate treatment of milk will inactivate HIV-1 without significant harm to its nutritional value and protective functions and may define a treatment of choice for breastwas at 37 degrees C for 10 min. Sodium lauryl sulfate-PAGE and Lowry were used to analyze protein content. Antibody content and function was studied by rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE), immunoturbodimentric (ITM) quantitation and ELISA. The creamatocrit was also analyzed. HIV-1 infectivity was measured by MAGI assay. Sodium lauryl sulfate removal was by Detergent-OutN (Geno Technology, Inc.). Sodium lauryl sulfate quantitation is by methylene blue-chloroform method. Inactivation of HIV-1 with Sodium lauryl sulfate occurs at or above 0.025%. In milk samples, 1% and 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate reduced HSV-2 infectivity. At least 90% of Sodium lauryl sulfate can be efficiently removed with Detergent-OutN, with protein recovery of 80%-100%. Gross protein species are conserved as indicated by PAGE analyses. Fat and energy content of Sodium lauryl sulfate-treated breast milk remains unchanged. 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate can be removed from human milk without altering the creamatocrit. ELISA of serum IgG (rubella) proved it remains functional in the presence of Sodium lauryl sulfate and after its removal. sIgA, IgG and IgM in breast milk are conserved after Sodium lauryl sulfate-treatment when measured by RIE and ITM. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium lauryl sulfate (0.025%) can inactivate HIV-1 in vitro and HSV-2 in breast milk. Sodium lauryl sulfate can be efficiently removed from milk samples. Sodium lauryl sulfate treatment of milk does not significantly alter protein content. Antibody function in serum and levels in breast milk are maintained after treatment and removal of Sodium lauryl sulfate. 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate does not alter fat concentration in milk and energy content is conserved. Sodium lauryl sulfate or related compounds may be used to prevent breast milk transmission of HIV-1. A broad-spectrum vaginal microbicide must be effective against a variety of sexually transmitted disease pathogens and be minimally toxic to the cell types found within the vaginal epithelium, including vaginal keratinocytes. /The study/ assessed the sensitivity of primary human vaginal keratinocytes to potential topical vaginal microbicides nonoxynol-9 (N-9), C31G, and Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Direct immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes expressed epithelial cell-specific keratin proteins. Experiments that compared vaginal keratinocyte sensitivity to each agent during a continuous, 48-hr exposure demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes were almost five times more sensitive to N-9 than to either C31G or Sodium lauryl sulfate. To evaluate the effect of multiple microbicide exposures on cell viability, primary vaginal keratinocytes were exposed to N-9, C31G, or Sodium lauryl sulfate three times during a 78-hr period. In these experiments, cells were considerably more sensitive to C31G than to N-9 or Sodium lauryl sulfate at lower concentrations within the range tested. When agent concentrations were chosen to result in an endpoint of 25% viability after three daily exposures, each exposure decreased cell viability at the same constant rate. When time-dependent sensitivity during a continuous 48-hr exposure was examined, exposure to C31G for 18 hr resulted in losses in cell viability not caused by either N-9 or Sodium lauryl sulfate until at least 24 to 48 hr. Cumulatively, these results reveal important variations in time- and concentration-dependent sensitivity to N-9, C31G, or Sodium lauryl sulfate within populations of primary human vaginal keratinocytes cultured in vitro. These investigations represent initial steps toward both in vitro modeling of the vaginal microenvironment and studies of factors that impact the in vivo efficacy of vaginal topical microbicides. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an anionic detergent that can form complexes with protein through hydrophobic interactions. Studies have reported that the hydrodynamic functions of protein-Sodium lauryl sulfate complexes are governed by the length of their polypeptide chains. Thus, Sodium lauryl sulfate-based electrophoretic techniques can separate protein molecules based on their molecular weights. Additionally, Sodium lauryl sulfate can solubilize cell membranes and can extract membrane-bound proteins. Analytical procedures are described for determining residues of Sodium lauryl sulfate in whole blood from guinea pigs. Methods are based on hydrolysis & analysis by electron-capture gas-chromatography. Sodium lauryl sulfate Electrophoresis Sodium lauryl sulfate electrophoresis was the next logical step after disk electrophoresis. While the latter discriminates macromolecules on the basis of both size and surface charge, Sodium lauryl sulfate electrophoresis fractionates polypeptide chains essentially on the basis of their size. It is therefore a simple, yet powerful and reliable method for molecular mass (Mr) determination. In 1967, it was first reported that electrophoretic migration in Sodium lauryl sulfate is proportional to the effective molecular radius and thus to the Mr of the polypeptide chain. This result means that Sodium lauryl sulfate must bind to proteins and cancel out differences in molecular charge, so that all components then migrate solely according to size. Surprisingly large amounts of Sodium lauryl sulfate appear to be bound (an average of 1.4 g Sodium lauryl sulfate per gram of protein), which means that the number of Sodium lauryl sulfate molecules bound is of the order of half the number of amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. This amount of highly charged surfactant molecules is sufficient to overwhelm effectively the intrinsic charges of the polymer coil, so that their net charge per unit mass becomes approximately constant. If migration in Sodium lauryl sulfate (and disulfide reducing agents, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, in the denaturing step, for a proper unfolding of the proteins) is proportional only to molecular mass, then, in addition to canceling out of charge differences, Sodium lauryl sulfate also equalizes molecular shape differences as well (e.g., globular versus rod-shaped molecules). This seems to be the case for protein–Sodium lauryl sulfate mixed micelles: these complexes can be assumed to behave as ellipsoids of constant minor axis (∼1.8 nm) and with the major axis proportional to the length in amino acids (i.e., to molecular mass) of the protein. The rod length for the 1.4 g Sodium lauryl sulfate/g protein complex is of the order of 0.074 nm per amino acid residue. Sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), also known as lauryl sulfate, is an ionic detergent that is useful for the rapid disruption of biological membranes. It is a key component of many reagents used to purify nucleic acids because of its abilities to quickly disrupt the tissue architecture and to inhibit both RNase and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. Sodium lauryl sulfate is usually prepared as either a 10% or a 20% (w/v) stock solution and is used most often at a working concentration of 0.1% to 0.5%. The performance of this detergent can be affected significantly by its purity. Sodium lauryl sulfate is easily precipitable in the presence of potassium salts and generally is not added to guanidinium buffers, as it has very low solubility in high-salt, chaotropic solutions. Two classes of proteins show anomalous behavior in Sodium lauryl sulfate electrophoresis: glycoproteins (because their hydrophilic oligosaccharide units prevent hydrophobic binding of Sodium lauryl sulfate micelles) and strongly basic proteins (e.g., histones) (because of electrostatic binding of Sodium lauryl sulfate micelles through their sulfate groups). The first can be partially alleviated by using Tris–borate buffers at alkaline pH, which will increase the net negative charge on the glycoprotein, thus producing migration rates well correlated with molecular size. Migration of histones can be improved by using pore gradient gels and allowing the polypeptide chains to approach the pore limit.

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS) or sodium laureth sulfate (SLS), sometimes written sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This molecule is an organosulfate and a salt. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, the ester of dodecyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent.[not verified in body] Also derived as a component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations. Structure and properties Structure of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is in the family of organosulfate compounds,[2] and has the formula, CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of a 12-carbon alcohol that has been esterified to sulfuric acid. An alternative description is that it is an alkyl group with a pendant, terminal sulfate group attached. As a result of its hydrocarbon tail, and its anionic "head group", it has amphiphilic properties that allow it to form micelles, and so act as a detergent. Physicochemical properties Bottle of 20% Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in distilled water for use in the laboratory. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) in pure water at 25 °C is 8.2 mM,[1] and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 62.[3] The micelle ionization fraction (α) is around 0.3 (or 30%). Production of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide gas, oleum, or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate.[5] The resulting product is then neutralized through the addition of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.[citation needed] Lauryl alcohol can be used in pure form or may be derived from either coconut or palm kernel oil by hydrolysis (which liberates their fatty acids), followed by hydrogenation.[citation needed] When produced from these sources, commercial samples of these "Sodium lauryl sulfate powder" products are actually not pure Sodium lauryl sulfate powder, rather a mixture of various sodium alkyl sulfates with Sodium lauryl sulfate powder being the main component.[6] For instance, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a component, along with other chain-length amphiphiles, when produced from coconut oil, and is known as sodium coco sulfate (SCS).[7] Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is available commercially in powder, pellet, and other forms (each differing in rates of dissolution), as well as in aqueous solutions of varying concentrations. Applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Cleaning and hygiene Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.[8] It is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues; for example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car exterior cleaners. In lower concentrations, it is found in hand soap, toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and bubble bath formulations, for its ability to create a foam (lather), for its surfactant properties, and in part for its thickening effect. Food additive of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder, appearing as its synonym Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS), is considered a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the USFDA (21 CFR 172.822).[11] It is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid.[12] SLS is reported to temporarily diminish perception of sweetness. Laboratory applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Principal applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder, in science referred to as Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (Sodium lauryl sulfate powder), is used in cleaning procedures,[14] and is commonly used as a component for lysing cells during RNA extraction and/or DNA extraction, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for electrophoresis in the Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-PAGE technique. Denaturation of a protein using Sodium lauryl sulfate powder In the case of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-PAGE, the compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, and so denaturing them, i.e. causing the protein molecules to lose their native conformations and shapes. By binding to proteins at a ratio of one Sodium lauryl sulfate powder molecule per 2 amino acid residues, the negatively charged detergent provides all proteins with a similar net negative charge and therefore a similar charge-to-mass ratio.[16] In this way, the difference in mobility of the polypeptide chains in the gel can be attributed solely to their length as opposed to both their native charge and shape.[16][17] It is possible to make separation based on the size of the polypeptide chain to simplify the analysis of protein molecules, this can be achieved by denaturing proteins with the detergent Sodium lauryl sulfate powder.[18] The association of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder molecules with protein molecules imparts an associated negative charge to the molecular aggregate formed;[citation needed] this negative charge is significantly greater than the original charge of that protein.[citation needed] The electrostatic repulsion that is created by Sodium lauryl sulfate powder binding forces proteins into a rod-like shape, thereby eliminating differences in shape as a factor for electrophoretic separation in gels.[citation needed] A dodecyl sulfate molecule has two negative charges at the pH value used for electrophoresis, this will lead the net charge of coated polypeptide chains to be much more negative than uncoated chains.[18] The charge-to-mass ratio is essentially identical for different proteins because Sodium lauryl sulfate powder coating dominates the charge. Miscellaneous applications of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at Stanford University, and involves infusion of the organ with an acrylamide solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using Sodium lauryl sulfate powder to eliminate light scattering with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent.[19][20] Along with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and Triton X-100, aqueous solutions of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as carbon nanotubes. Niche uses of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder has been proposed as a potentially effective topical microbicide, for intravaginal use, to inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various enveloped and non-enveloped viruses such as the herpes simplex viruses, HIV, and the Semliki Forest virus.[22][23] In gas hydrate formation experiments, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is used as a gas hydrate growth promoter.[24][25] [26] Researchers aim for gas hydrate promotions as scale-up of industrial applications of gas hydrates such as desalination process,[27] gas storage, and gas separation technologies.[28] Liquid membranes formed from Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in water have been demonstrated to work as unusual particle separators.[29] The device acts as a reverse filter, allowing large particles to pass while capturing smaller particles. Toxicology of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Carcinogenicity Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is not carcinogenic when consumed or applied directly, even to amounts and concentrations that exceed amounts used in standard commercial products.[30][31] The earlier review of the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program Expert Panel in 1983 reported that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (there, abbreviated SLS, for Sodium lauryl sulfate powder) in concentrations up to 2%, in a year-long oral dietary studies in dogs, gave no evidence of tumorigenicity or carcinogenicity, and that no excess chromosomal aberrations or clastogenic effects were observed in rats fed up to 1.13% Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in their diets for 90 days, over those on a control diet.[30]:157, 175 The 2005 review by the same group indicated that further available data lacked any available suggestion that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder or the related ammonium salt of the same amphiphile could be carcinogenic, stating that "Despite assertions to the contrary on the Internet, the carcinogenicity of these ingredients is only a rumor;" both studies conclude that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder appears "to be safe in formulations designed for discontinuous, brief use followed by thorough rinsing from the surface of the skin. In products intended for prolonged contact with skin, concentrations should not exceed 1%. Sensitivity of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Like all detergents, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation.[citation needed] It has been shown to irritate the skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure (more than an hour) in young adults.[32] Sodium lauryl sulfate powder may worsen skin problems in individuals with chronic skin hypersensitivity, with some people being affected more than others.[33][34][35] Oral concerns of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder The low cost of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder,[36] its lack of impact on taste,[36] its potential impact on volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which contribute to malodorous breath,[37] and its desirable action as a foaming agent have led to the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in the formulations of toothpastes.[36] A series of small crossover studies (25-34 patients) have supported the efficacy of SLS in the reduction of VSCs, and its related positive impact on breath malodor, although these studies have been generally noted to reflect technical challenges in the control of study design variables.[37] While primary sources from the group of Irma Rantanen at University of Turku, Finland conclude an impact on dry mouth (xerostomia) from SLS-containing pastes, a 2011 Cochrane review of these studies, and of the more general area, concludes that there "is no strong evidence… that any topical therapy is effective for relieving the symptom of dry mouth."[38] A safety concern has been raised on the basis of several studies regarding the effect of toothpaste Sodium lauryl sulfate powder on aphthous ulcers, commonly referred to as canker or white sores.[36] A consensus regarding practice (or change in practice) has not appeared as a result of the studies.[39][40] As Lippert notes, of 2013, "very few… marketed toothpastes contain a surfactant other than SLS [Sodium lauryl sulfate powder]," and leading manufacturers continue to formulate their produce with Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. Interaction with fluoride Some studies have suggested that SLS in toothpaste may decrease the effectiveness of fluoride at preventing dental caries (cavities). This may be due to SLS interacting with the deposition of fluoride on tooth enamel. Readily pourable, palm-derived, high foaming, anionic surfactant used in the chemical formulating and detergent manufacturing industries. It is a higher foaming variation of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLES). Features of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder : Free flowing liquid makes it easier to pour. Used in wetting agent formulations, liquid detergents, cleaners, shampoos and laundry detergents. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder dissolves readily in hard and soft water and provides a consistent foam character. Packaging of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder : Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is available in IBCs (1000kg bulk containers) and drums. Safety of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder : Please consult the SDS on Sodium lauryl sulfate powder before use. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (sodium dodecyl sulphate) is a kind of anionic surfactant, dissolves in the water easily, compatibility with anion and non-ionic, good performances on emulsifying, foaming, osmosis, detergency and de-centrality. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Powder is a widely used surfactant often used as a foaming agent in many common products like Bath products, shampoos, foaming powders and mony industrial and commercial cleaners. SaveonCitric offers a highly Active, high quality Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Powdered Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. If you are formulating a product like a powdered or tablet cleanser, or blending liquid hard surface or carpet cleaners, try Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Powder. Check the FIFRa list if you are formulating blends and looking for an accepted surfactant. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder , synonymously, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder , or sodium laurilsulfate, is a synthetic organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)11SO4Na. It is an anionic surfactant used in many cleaning and hygiene products. The sodium salt is of an organosulfate class of organics. It consists of a 12-carbon tail attached to a sulfate group, that is, it is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate, the ester of dodecyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. Its hydrocarbon tail combined with a polar "headgroup" give the compound amphiphilic properties and so make it useful as a detergent.[not verified in body] Also derived as a component of mixtures produced from inexpensive coconut and palm oils, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a common component of many domestic cleaning, personal hygiene and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food products, as well as of industrial and commercial cleaning and product formulations. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetic, and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder 's uses in these products have been thoroughly evaluated and determined to be safe for consumers and the environment. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder , sodium laurilsulfate or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (Sodium lauryl sulfate powder or NaDS) (C12H25SO4Na) is an anionic surfactant used as an emulsifying cleaning agent in many cleaning and hygiene products. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a highly effective surfactant and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash soaps. It is used in lower concentrations with toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams. It is an important component in bubble bath formulations for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather. WHAT IS Sodium lauryl sulfate powder ? Sodium lauryl sulfate powder , also known as Sodium lauryl sulfate powder, is a widely used surfactant in cleaning products, cosmetics, and personal care products. The Sodium lauryl sulfate powder formula is a highly effective anionic surfactant used to remove oily stains and residues. It is found in high concentrations in industrial products, including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car wash products, where workplace protections can be implemented to avoid unsafe exposures. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is also used in lower concentrations in household and personal care products such as cleaning products, toothpastes, shampoos, and shaving foams. SAFETY Sodium lauryl sulfate powder has been thoroughly reviewed for its safety by a number of governments. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder from the requirement of tolerance for residues when used as a component of food contact sanitizing solutions applied to all food contact surfaces in public eating places, dairy-processing equipment, and food-processing equipment and utensils at a maximum level in the end-use concentration of 350 parts per million (ppm). The regulation eliminates the need to establish a maximum permissible level for residues of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes Sodium lauryl sulfate powder on its list of multipurpose additives allowed to be directly added to food. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate are also approved indirect food additives. For example, both ingredients are permitted to be used as components of coatings. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder and Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate may be used in cosmetics and personal care products marketed in Europe according to the general provisions of the Cosmetics Directive of the European Union. The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which is an organization of 30-plus developed countries, has reviewed the human and environmental hazards of a category of chemicals that includes Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. No chronic human health hazards, including carcinogenicity, were identified. The hazard assessment for the category (alkyl sulphates, alkane sulphonates and alpha-olefin sulphonates category) is posted on the OECD website. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder has also been thoroughly reviewed for human safety by an industry funded, independent panel, which found: There is no evidence of harm from the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in cosmetic products, where there is intentional, direct contact with the skin. The ingredient was reviewed in 1983 and re-reviewed in 2005 by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR)1 Expert Panel and found to be safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder can cause skin irritation in some persons, which is one reason why it is important to follow the label instructions when using a cleaning product. A complete report on Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is available from CIR. Use: -Detergency: tooth paste, shampoo, cosmetic, detergent, etc. -Construction: plasterboard, additive of concrete, coating, etc. -Pharmaceutical: Medicine, pesticide, etc. -Leather: leather soft agent, wool cleaning agent, etc. -Paper making: penetrant, flocculating agent, deinking agent, etc. -Auxiliaries: textile auxiliaries, plastic auxiliaries, etc. -Fire fighting: oil well fire fighting, fire fighting device, etc. -Mineral choosing: mine flotation, coal water mixture, etc. Overview Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is one of the ingredients you'll find listed on your shampoo bottle. However, unless you're a chemist, you likely don't know what it is. The chemical is found in many cleaning and beauty products, but it's frequently misunderstood. Urban myths have linked it to cancer, skin irritation, and more. Science may tell a different story. How it works Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is what's known as a "surfactant." This means it lowers the surface tension between ingredients, which is why it's used as a cleansing and foaming agent. Most concerns about Sodium lauryl sulfate powder stem from the fact that it can be found in beauty and self-care products as well as in household cleaners. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is a surfactant with a similar chemical formula. However, SLES is milder and less irritating than Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. Where you'll find Sodium lauryl sulfate powder If you look under your bathroom sink, or on the shelf in your shower, it's very likely you'll find Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in your home. It's used in a variety of products, including: Grooming products, such as shaving cream, lip balm, hand sanitizer, nail treatments, makeup remover, foundation, facial cleansers, exfoliants, and liquid hand soap Hair products, such as shampoo, conditioner, hair dye, dandruff treatment, and styling gel Dental care products, such as toothpaste, teeth whitening products, and mouthwash Bath products, such as bath oils or salts, body wash, and bubble bath Creams and lotions, such as hand cream, masks, anti-itch creams, hair-removal products, and sunscreen You'll notice that all of these products are topical, or applied directly to the skin or body. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is also used as a food additive, usually as an emulsifier or a thickener. It can be found in dried egg products, some marshmallow products, and certain dry beverage bases. Are there dangers? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regards Sodium lauryl sulfate powder as safe as a food additive. Regarding its use in cosmetics and body products, the safety assessment study of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder , published in 1983 in the International Journal of Toxicology (the most recent assessment), found that it's not harmful if used briefly and rinsed from the skin, as with shampoos and soaps. The report says that products that stay on the skin longer shouldn't exceed 1 percent concentration of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. However, the same assessment did suggest some possible, albeit minimal, risk to humans using Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. For example, some tests found that continuous skin exposure to Sodium lauryl sulfate powder could cause mild to moderate irritation in animals. Nevertheless, the assessment concluded that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is safe in formulations used in cosmetics and personal care products. Because many of these products are designed to be rinsed off after short applications, the risks are minimal. According to most research, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is an irritant but not a carcinogen. Studies have shown no link between the use of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder and increased cancer risk. According to a 2015 study, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is safe for use in household cleaning products. About 1/3 of HIV positive mothers transmit the virus to their newborns, and 1/2 of these infections occur during breastfeeding. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS), an anionic surfactant, is a common ingredient of cosmetic and personal care products. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is "readily biodegradable" with low toxicity and "is of no concern with respect to human health". Up to 1 g of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder/kg is the maximum safe dose for children. Alkyl sulfates, including Sodium lauryl sulfate powder, are microbicidal against HIV types 1 and 2, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), human papillomaviruses and chlamydia. /The study/ hypothesizes that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder treatment of milk will inactivate HIV-1 without significant harm to its nutritional value and protective functions and may define a treatment of choice for breastwas at 37 degrees C for 10 min. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-PAGE and Lowry were used to analyze protein content. Antibody content and function was studied by rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIE), immunoturbodimentric (ITM) quantitation and ELISA. The creamatocrit was also analyzed. HIV-1 infectivity was measured by MAGI assay. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder removal was by Detergent-OutN (Geno Technology, Inc.). Sodium lauryl sulfate powder quantitation is by methylene blue-chloroform method. Inactivation of HIV-1 with Sodium lauryl sulfate powder occurs at or above 0.025%. In milk samples, 1% and 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate powder reduced HSV-2 infectivity. At least 90% of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder can be efficiently removed with Detergent-OutN, with protein recovery of 80%-100%. Gross protein species are conserved as indicated by PAGE analyses. Fat and energy content of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-treated breast milk remains unchanged. 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate powder can be removed from human milk without altering the creamatocrit. ELISA of serum IgG (rubella) proved it remains functional in the presence of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder and after its removal. sIgA, IgG and IgM in breast milk are conserved after Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-treatment when measured by RIE and ITM. CONCLUSIONS: Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (0.025%) can inactivate HIV-1 in vitro and HSV-2 in breast milk. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder can be efficiently removed from milk samples. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder treatment of milk does not significantly alter protein content. Antibody function in serum and levels in breast milk are maintained after treatment and removal of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. 0.1% Sodium lauryl sulfate powder does not alter fat concentration in milk and energy content is conserved. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder or related compounds may be used to prevent breast milk transmission of HIV-1. A broad-spectrum vaginal microbicide must be effective against a variety of sexually transmitted disease pathogens and be minimally toxic to the cell types found within the vaginal epithelium, including vaginal keratinocytes. /The study/ assessed the sensitivity of primary human vaginal keratinocytes to potential topical vaginal microbicides nonoxynol-9 (N-9), C31G, and Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS). Direct immunofluorescence and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes expressed epithelial cell-specific keratin proteins. Experiments that compared vaginal keratinocyte sensitivity to each agent during a continuous, 48-hr exposure demonstrated that primary vaginal keratinocytes were almost five times more sensitive to N-9 than to either C31G or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder. To evaluate the effect of multiple microbicide exposures on cell viability, primary vaginal keratinocytes were exposed to N-9, C31G, or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder three times during a 78-hr period. In these experiments, cells were considerably more sensitive to C31G than to N-9 or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder at lower concentrations within the range tested. When agent concentrations were chosen to result in an endpoint of 25% viability after three daily exposures, each exposure decreased cell viability at the same constant rate. When time-dependent sensitivity during a continuous 48-hr exposure was examined, exposure to C31G for 18 hr resulted in losses in cell viability not caused by either N-9 or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder until at least 24 to 48 hr. Cumulatively, these results reveal important variations in time- and concentration-dependent sensitivity to N-9, C31G, or Sodium lauryl sulfate powder within populations of primary human vaginal keratinocytes cultured in vitro. These investigations represent initial steps toward both in vitro modeling of the vaginal microenvironment and studies of factors that impact the in vivo efficacy of vaginal topical microbicides. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS) is an anionic detergent that can form complexes with protein through hydrophobic interactions. Studies have reported that the hydrodynamic functions of protein-Sodium lauryl sulfate powder complexes are governed by the length of their polypeptide chains. Thus, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder-based electrophoretic techniques can separate protein molecules based on their molecular weights. Additionally, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder can solubilize cell membranes and can extract membrane-bound proteins. Analytical procedures are described for determining residues of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder in whole blood from guinea pigs. Methods are based on hydrolysis & analysis by electron-capture gas-chromatography. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Electrophoresis Sodium lauryl sulfate powder electrophoresis was the next logical step after disk electrophoresis. While the latter discriminates macromolecules on the basis of both size and surface charge, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder electrophoresis fractionates polypeptide chains essentially on the basis of their size. It is therefore a simple, yet powerful and reliable method for molecular mass (Mr) determination. In 1967, it was first reported that electrophoretic migration in Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is proportional to the effective molecular radius and thus to the Mr of the polypeptide chain. This result means that Sodium lauryl sulfate powder must bind to proteins and cancel out differences in molecular charge, so that all components then migrate solely according to size. Surprisingly large amounts of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder appear to be bound (an average of 1.4 g Sodium lauryl sulfate powder per gram of protein), which means that the number of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder molecules bound is of the order of half the number of amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain. This amount of highly charged surfactant molecules is sufficient to overwhelm effectively the intrinsic charges of the polymer coil, so that their net charge per unit mass becomes approximately constant. If migration in Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (and disulfide reducing agents, such as 2-mercaptoethanol, in the denaturing step, for a proper unfolding of the proteins) is proportional only to molecular mass, then, in addition to canceling out of charge differences, Sodium lauryl sulfate powder also equalizes molecular shape differences as well (e.g., globular versus rod-shaped molecules). This seems to be the case for protein–Sodium lauryl sulfate powder mixed micelles: these complexes can be assumed to behave as ellipsoids of constant minor axis (∼1.8 nm) and with the major axis proportional to the length in amino acids (i.e., to molecular mass) of the protein. The rod length for the 1.4 g Sodium lauryl sulfate powder/g protein complex is of the order of 0.074 nm per amino acid residue. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder Sodium lauryl sulfate powder (SLS), also known as lauryl sulfate, is an ionic detergent that is useful for the rapid disruption of biological membranes. It is a key component of many reagents used to purify nucleic acids because of its abilities to quickly disrupt the tissue architecture and to inhibit both RNase and deoxyribonuclease (DNase) activity. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is usually prepared as either a 10% or a 20% (w/v) stock solution and is used most often at a working concentration of 0.1% to 0.5%. The performance of this detergent can be affected significantly by its purity. Sodium lauryl sulfate powder is easily precipitable in the presence of potassium salts and generally is not added to guanidinium buffers, as it has very low solubility in high-salt, chaotropic solutions. Two classes of proteins show anomalous behavior in Sodium lauryl sulfate powder electrophoresis: glycoproteins (because their hydrophilic oligosaccharide units prevent hydrophobic binding of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder micelles) and strongly basic proteins (e.g., histones) (because of electrostatic binding of Sodium lauryl sulfate powder micelles through their sulfate groups). The first can be partially alleviated by using Tris–borate buffers at alkaline pH, which will increase the net negative charge on the glycoprotein, thus producing migration rates well correlated with molecular size. Migration of histones can be improved by using pore gradient gels and allowing the polypeptide chains to approach the pore limit.

cas no 8061-51-6 Sodium base spent sulfite liquor; Llignosol; Sodium lignosulfonate; Desulfonated spent pulping liquor; Sodium lignosulfonate; Sodium lignosulfite; Sodium polignate; Llignosulfonic acids sodium salt; Sulfonated lignin sodium salt;

SODIUM MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE Nom INCI : SODIUM MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent Abrasif : Enlève les matières présentes en surface du corps, aide à nettoyer les dents et améliore la brillance. Agent Absorbant : Absorbe l'eau (ou l'huile) sous forme dissoute ou en fines particules Opacifiant : Réduit la transparence ou la translucidité des cosmétiques Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SODIUM MAGNESIUM SILICATE N° CAS : 101659-01-2 Nom INCI : SODIUM MAGNESIUM SILICATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 258-476-2 Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent fixant : Permet la cohésion de différents ingrédients cosmétiques Agent de foisonnement : Réduit la densité apparente des cosmétiques Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SODIUM MALATE N° CAS : 58214-38-3 Nom INCI : SODIUM MALATE Nom chimique : Butanedioic acid, hydroxy-, monosodium salt N° EINECS/ELINCS : 261-169-6 Ses fonctions (INCI) Humectant : Maintient la teneur en eau d'un cosmétique dans son emballage et sur la peau Agent d'entretien de la peau : Maintient la peau en bon état

SYNONYMS Dinatriumdisulfit; Disulfito de disodio; Disulfite de disodium; Disodium disulfite; Disodium Salt Pyrosulfurous Acid; Disulfurous acid, disodium salt; Pyrosulfurous acid, disodium salt; Sodium Metabisulfite; Sodium disulfite; Sodium Pyrosulfite; CAS NO. 7681-57-4

SODIUM METAPERIODATE N° CAS : 7790-28-5 - Periodate de sodium Nom INCI : SODIUM METAPERIODATE

CAS number: 98536584
EC number: 2318916
Molecular formula: NaBO2
Molecular weight: 65.80

APPLICATION AND BENEFITS
Adhesives:
Sodium Metaborate’s high alkalinity and the crosslinking reaction of borate anions with polyhydroxy groups makes it an excellent choice for starch and dextrinbased adhesives.
The adhesives Sodium Metaborate helps to produce are essential for use in corrugated boxes, paper bags, laminated paper boards, carton and case sealing, gummed tape, and tube winding.

Photography:
Sodium Metaborate is also a component of photographic developers and replenishers.
Sodium Metaborates principal function is as a buffering agent, used to tightly control the pH of the solutions.
As such, Sodium Metaborate produces highquality finegrain blackandwhite developers and helps to ensurethe correct color balance in color developers.

Bleaching agent:
Textiles, such as cotton, are bleached with hydrogen peroxide solutions.
These solutions can be stabilized by using sodium metaborate.
Sodium Metaborate also neutralizes the acidic oxidation byproducts that form during bleaching.
And, textile manufacturers can control textile sizing by incorporating sodium metaborateproduced starch adhesive material within the thread and binding all the fibers together to increase the thread’s tensile strength.

Cleaners:
As an ingredient in hardsurface cleaners, sodium metaborate helps to remove oil, grease, rust, scale, and other particulates from metal or glass surfaces.
The borate imparts alkaline conditions that enhance the product’s cleaning action.
Sodium Metaborate can also be incorporated into liquid laundry detergents for pH control, enzyme stabilization, and its builder properties.

Many proprietary watertreatment chemicals also include sodium metaborate to control pH and inhibit corrosion.
Such chemicals are used on heating systems and cooling towers as protection against corrosion.
In automotive and industrial fluids, sodium metaborate can be used for anticorrosion and reaction with acidic degradation products.
Borates are also being developed as an alkaline agent in several enhanced oil recover (EOR) processes, such as alkalipolymer and alkalisurfactantpolymer (ASP) flooding.
Tertiary oil recovery from boratebased ASP core floods is comparable to that obtained with similar formulations that contain conventional alkalis and exhibit no injectivity problems in core flood trials.

Sodium Metaborate is stable at ordinary temperatures.
However, if exposed to the atmosphere for extended periods, it picks up carbon dioxide from the air and forms sodium carbonate and borax.
Sodium Metaborate 4 mol will convert to 8 mol when exposed to a humid atmosphere.

Sodium Metaborate 4 mol crystalline salt begins to lose water at about 194°F (90°C).
The anhydrous salt fuses to a clear glass at 1770°F (966°C).
Some vaporization occurs above 2246°F (1230°C).

Sodium Metaborate 8 mol crystalline salt begins to lose water at about 128°F (53.5°C).
The anhydrous salt fuses to a clear glass at 1770°F (966°C), and some vaporization occurs above 2246°F (1230°C).
Aqueous solutions of sodium metaborate 4 mol and 8 mol show a moderate increase in pH with increasing concentrations.

Sodium Metaborate is the sodium salt of Metaborate.
Sodium Metaborate is used in the manufacturing of borosilicate glasses.
Sodium Metaborate is also a component of herbicides and antifreeze.
Sodium Metaborate can also be used as an oil additive with antiwear properties.

Agricultural Uses:
Herbicide
Insecticide
Fungicide
Nematocid

Sodium Metaborate electroreduction in the alkaline system can act as a novel desulphurization process of coal water slurry.
Sodium Metaborate also has role in hydrolysis of sodium borohydride to minimize the water utilization.
Sodium Metaborate can also act as a novel alkali in alkali/surfactant/polymer flooding.
Sodium Metaborate is also useful in the thermochemical production of sodium borohydride, which is a safe and practical hydrogen storage material for onboard hydrogen production.
Also available commercially as octahydrate and tetrahydrate.

Sodium Metaborate tetrahydrate is used In textile industry
Sodium Metaborate is used as additives, process aid and flame retardant.
Sodium Metaborate Octahydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.

Sources/Uses:
Sodium Metaborate is used in;
-cleansersdetergents
-adhesives
-photographic solutions

Also Sodium Metaborate is used as:
-a fire retardant in sodium chlorate
-a defoliant
-a textile finishing agent
-a sequestrant;

Preparation:
Sodium Metaborate is prepared by the fusion of sodium carbonate and boron oxide B2O3 or borax Na2B4O7.
Another way to create the compound is by the fusion of borax with sodium hydroxide at 700 °C:
B2O3 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaBO2 + H2O
The boiling point of sodium metaborate (1434 °C) is lower than that of boron oxide (1860 °C) and borax (1575 °C) In fact, while the metaborate boils without change of composition, borax gives off a vapor of sodium metaborate with a small excess of sodium oxide Na2O

Electrochemical Conversion to Borax:
Electrolysis of a concentrated solution of 20% NaBO2·4H2O with an anion exchange membrane and inert anode (such as gold, palladium, or borondoped diamond) converts the metaborate anion to tetraborate B4O2−7, and the sodium salt of the later (borax) precipitates as a white powder

Reduction to Sodium Borohydride:
Sodium Metaborate is also a byproduct of hydrolysis of sodium borohydride NaBH4, a proposed hydrogen storage material for hydrogenfueled vehicles that is safer (stable in dry air) and more efficient on a weight basis than most other alternatives.
The reaction is:
NaBH4 + 2 H2O → NaBO2 + 4 H2 and requires a catalyst.

To be economical, that approach would require a cheap and efficient method to recycle the metaborate to the borohydride.
Several methods have been studied, such as the reaction with various reducing agents at high temperatures and pressure, or with magnesium hydride MgH2 by ball milling at room temperature, followed by extraction of the NaBH4 with isopropylamine.

NaBO2 + 2 MgH2 → NaBH4 + 2 MgO
Another alternative that has been considered is the electrolytic reduction of a concentrated sodium metaborate solution, namely
BO2−2 + 6 H2O + 8 e− → BH−4 + 8 HO−
However, this method is not efficient since it competes with the reduction of hydroxide, 4 HO−→ 2 H2O + O2 + 4 e−

Conversion to Sodium Alkoxides:
Anhydrous sodium metaborate refluxed with methanol yields the corresponding sodium methoxyborate:
Na+[BO2]− + 4 CH3OH → Na+[B(OCH3)4]− + 2 H2O
The analogous reaction with ethanol yields the ethoxyborate.

Metabolism/Metabolites:
Boric acid, sodium salt and borates are not metabolized, neither do they accumulate in the body except for low deposit in bone.
No organic boron compounds have been reported as metabolites.

Essential Buffering Agent
Used in the preparation of starch and dextrin adhesives, this product provides increased viscosity, quicker tack, and better fluidity.
In textile processing, sodium metaborate helps to stabilize hydrogen peroxide solutions and neutralizes acidic oxidation byproducts.

Hydrates and Solubility:
The following hydrates crystallize from solutions of the proper composition in various temperature ranges:

tetrahydrate NaBO2·4H2O from −6 to 53.6 °C
dihydrate NaBO2·2H2O from 53.6 °C to 105 °C
hemihydrate NaBO2·0.5H2O from 105 °C to the boiling point.

Early reports of a monohydrate NaBO2·H2O have not been confirmed.
The anhydrous salt can be prepared from the tetraborate by heating to 270 °C in vacuum

Tetrahydrate: Used as
an insecticide
fungicide
nematocide
herbicide (noncrop land, cotton production, and under asphalt)

Sodium Metaborate is a colorless solid chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen.
Sodium Metaborate is an inorganic sodium salt having metaborate as the counterion.
Sodium Metaborate is an inorganic sodium salt and a member of borate salts.

Sodium Metaborate is a colorless solid chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen with formula NaBO2.
Sodium Metaborate is a colorless solid chemical compound of sodium, boron, and oxygen with formula NaBO₂.
The formula can be written also as Na₂O·B₂O₃ to highlight the relation to the main oxides of sodium and boron.

Sodium Metaborate, a derivative of the borax compound, has a wide range of industrial applications.
Recently, Sodium Metaborate is used as a source of boron in the production of sodium borohydride (NaBH4), which is a medium for hydrogen storage.
In the present study, sodium metaborate tetrahydrate (SMT, NaB(OH)(4)center dot 2H(2)O) was produced by the reaction of borax (B) with the sodium hydroxide (SH) solution under ultrasonic irradiation.

The effect of the reaction parameters (amount of water. temperature, particle size, and time) on the production of sodium metaborate tetrahydrate was investigated in the present study.
Sodium Metaborate was shown that the reaction parameters (amount of water, temperature, and time) played a significant role in the synthesis of sodium metaborate tetrahydrate.
In addition, the concentration of characteristic BO group in the reaction solution was quantitatively determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

The optimum condition for the production process included 26% water by weight, borax particles of size 250+150 mu m and irradiation time of 60 min at 80 degrees C.
Sodium Metaborate is An alkaline salt with excellent buffering properties.
Sodium Metaborate Can also be used in the production of adhesives due to the high degree of alkalinity and the crosslinking reaction of borate anions with polyhydroxy groups.
The formula can be written also as Na2O·B2O3 to highlight the relation to the main oxides of sodium and boron

Uses of Sodium Metaborate:
Sodium Metaborate is used in the manufacturing of borosilicate glasses.
Sodium Metaborate is also a component of herbicides and antifreeze products.

Solid anhydrous sodium metaborate crystallizes in the hexagonal space group.
Sodium Metaborate actually contains the trimeric anion [B3O6]3−.
The six oxygen atoms are evenly divided into two distinct structural sites, with different B–O bond lengths (about 128 and 143 pm, respectively)

Sodium Metaborate, a derivative of the borax compound, has a wide range of industrial applications.
Sodium Metaborate is used as a source of boron in the production of sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), which is a medium for hydrogen storage.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM METABORATE:
Molecular Weight: 65.80
Exact Mass: 65.9889037
Monoisotopic Mass: 65.9889037
Topological Polar Surface Area: 40.1 Ų
Physical Description: Liquid
Color: White
Form: powder/White hexagonal crystals
Odor: Odorless
Boiling Point: 1434 °C
Melting Point: 966 °C
Solubility: In water, 36 g/100 g
Density: 2.46 g/cu cm
Stability/Shelf Life: Stable on storage
pH: Solution is strongly alkaline when dissolved in water
Enthalpy of fusion: 36.2 kJ/mol at 966 °C

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SODIUM METABORATE:
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Heavy Atom Count: 4
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 13.5
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
CovalentlyBonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Corrosivity: NONCORROSIVE TO FERROUS METALS

APPLICATIONS OF SODIUM METABORATE:
-Adhesives
-Photography
-Bleaching agent
-Cleaners
-Paper industry
-Plating
-Cleaning agents
-Industry derived products
-Manufacture of heat resistant products

STORAGE OF SODIUM METABORATE:
Sodium Metaborate should be stored at room temperature.
Sodium Metaborate should be stored in a moisturefree environment.
Sodium Metaborate should be stored in dry place.

Sodium Metaborate is often used as a component of most photographic developers and replenishers.
Typically, Sodium Metaborate acts as a buffering agent in order to control acidity levels.
In addition to such applications, the compound is commonly utilized as an adhesive as well.
A very specific effect of the compound can be seen in the preparation of starch and dextrin adhesives due to its high degree of alkalinity.

An interchain linkage will produce an adhesive that has powerful viscosity, along with quicker tack and much more fluid properties.
All of these qualities make this adhesive essential in a wide variety of different industries.
Sodium Metaborate can be commonly used in corrugated boxes, most paper bags, various paper boards, and gummed tape.
Such versatile applications make Sodium Metaborate a desired compound for most household items and applications

Sodium Metaborate, a derivative of the borax compound, has a wide range of industrial applications.
Recently, Sodium Metaborate is used as a source of boron in the production of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), which is a medium for hydrogen storage.
In the present study, sodium metaborate tetrahydrate (SMT, NaB(OH)₄·2H₂O) was produced by the reaction of borax (B) with the sodium hydroxide (SH) solution under ultrasonic irradiation.

The effect of the reaction parameters (amount of water, temperature, particle size, and time) on the production of sodium metaborate tetrahydrate was investigated in the present study.
Sodium Metaborate was shown that the reaction parameters (amount of water, temperature, and time) played a significant role in the synthesis of sodium metaborate tetrahydrate.
In addition, the concentration of characteristic B–O group in the reaction solution was quantitatively determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
The optimum condition for the production process included 26% water by weight, borax particles of size −250+150μm and irradiation time of 60min at 80°C

SYNONYMS:
disodium borate, heptahydrate
disodium borate, monohydrate
Komex
monosodium metaborate
sodium borate
sodium borate (NaBO2)
sodium diborate
sodium meta borate
sodium metaborate
sodium tetraborat
Kodalk
sodium;oxido(oxo)borane
Boric acid, monosodium salt
UNIIZ6Q395A23R
Sodium(1+), (metaboratoO)
Borosoap
Z6Q395A23R
Boric acid (HBO2), sodium salt (1:1)
Sodium Metaborate, anhydrous
Sodium borate (NaBO2)
SODIUMMETABORATE
NaBO2
EC 2318916
SODIUM METABORATE GR
DTXSID2034386
CHEBI:75227
AKOS024426998

SYNONYMS Metso Beads, Silicic acid, disodium salt; Sodium-m-Silicate; Orthosil; Disodium metasilicate; Disodium Monosilicate; Waterglass; Disodium trioxosilicate CAS NO. 6834-92-0 (Anhydrous), 10213-79-3 (Pentahydrate), 13517-24-3 (Nonahydrate)

cas no 10213-79-3 Metso Beads, Silicic acid, disodium salt; Sodium-m-Silicate; Orthosil; Disodium metasilicate; Disodium Monosilicate; Waterglass; Disodium trioxosilicate;

SYNONYMS Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt; Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate; Natrium-4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolat; 4-(metoxicarbonil)fenolato de sodio; 4-(méthoxycarbonyl)phénolate de sodium; Methyl paraben sodium salt; Sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; methyl-4-oxide-benzoate, sodium salt; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt; CAS NO. 5026-62-0

cas no 5026-62-0 Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt; Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate; Natrium-4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolat; 4-(metoxicarbonil)fenolato de sodio; 4-(méthoxycarbonyl)phénolate de sodium; Methyl paraben sodium salt; Sodium methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate; methyl-4-oxide-benzoate, sodium salt; Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt;

Chemical name: Sodium Methyl p-Hydroxybenzoate. Sodium methylparaben (sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is a compound with formula Na(CH3(C6H4COO)O). Sodium methylparaben is the sodium salt of methylparaben. Sodium methylparaben is a food additive with the E number E219 which is used as a preservative. IUPAC name: Sodium 4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenolate Use: Sodium methyl paraben is widely used in food and pharmaceutical and textile industry for its antiseptic property. Sodium methyl paraben is also can be used in other industries such as cosmetics, feed and so on. Use: Preservative, Cosmetics, Feed, Pharmaceutical, Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Soft Drink, Alcohol Beverage, Beverage Powder, Fruit Juice, Puddings, Sauces, Baking Food, Sauage, Food Colors, Milk, Wine, Flavoring Agent. Sodium methyl p-hydroxybenzoate; Methylparaben sodium salt; E219 CAS Number: 5026-62-0 Sodium methylparaben is a sodium salt of methylparaben, which is used as an additive for food preservation. Sodium methylparaben is prepared by adding p-hydroxybenzoate to sodium hydroxide and after reaction is finished, standing for crystallization, centrifugally filtering and finally carrying out vacuum drying. Sodium methylparaben is a constituent of cloudberry, yellow passion fruit, white wine, and botrytis wine. Sodium methylparaben is extensively used to produce foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture/ animal feed, flavoring agents, and medicines as an antimicrobial agent. Sodium methylparaben has a faint characteristic odor or is odorless and has a slight burnt taste. INCI designation Sodium Methylparaben. Product properties Appearance: White powder Chemical and physical data pH: 9.5- 10.5 Water content: max. 5.0 % Assay by non aqueous titration: 99 - 102 % Uses Sodium Methylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Methylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave-on formulations. Sodium Methylparaben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. The recommended use level of Sodium Methylparaben to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1- 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. The Paraben esters have many advantages as preservatives,like broad spectrum antimicrobial activity, effective at low use concentrations, compatible with a wide range of cosmetic ingredients, colourless, odourless, well documented toxicological and dermatological acceptability based on human experience (used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals since 1930ies), p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid and a number of its esters occur naturally in a variety of plants and animals, stable and effective over a wide pH- range, etc. The Sodium Parabens, like Sodium Methylparaben have several additional advantages: Sodium Methylparaben is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition. No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy. Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH. Applications Sodium Methylparaben is designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Methyl paraben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Formulations which are prone to bacteria contamination an additional antibacterial preservative, like DMDMH might be necessary to add as Sodium Methylparaben provides a higher efficacy against fungi than against bacteria. Solubility Water up to 33 % Incorporation Sodium Methylparaben is highly soluble in water and so easily incorporated into cosmetic formulations. It is important to note that, whilst the aqueous solubility in alkaline solution is high, if the pH of the formulated product is acidic the sodium salt reverts to the ester and the low solubility is regained. pH stability Sodium Methyl paraben remains fully stable over a wide pH range from 3.0- 11.0. Aqueous solutions of Sodium Methylparaben are not long- term stable at alkaline pH. Temperature stability The recommended maximum handling temperature is 80°C. Microbial activity Sodium Methylparaben has a broad spectrum of activity which includes the following common spoilage organisms. Microorganisms MIC level (%) Bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.228 Staphylococcus aureus 0.17 Microorganisms MIC level (%) Yeasts Candida albicans 0.114 Molds Aspergillus niger 0.114 Regulatory Status Sodium Methylparaben can be used up to a maximum concentration of 0.4 % in cosmetic products, no further restrictions. Storage instructions Sodium Methyl paraben is stable in sealed original containers. Further information on handling, storage and dispatch is given in the EC safety data sheet. Sodium Methyl paraben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries, and topical pharmaceuticals. It is suitable to preserve both rinse-off and leave-on formulations. This product is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition. Sodium Methylparaben is designed for preservation of a wide range of cosmetics and toiletries. Sodium Methylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- on formulations. Sodium Methylparaben is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent designed forpreservation of a wide range of cosmetics, toiletries pharmaceuticals. Sodium Methylparaben is suitable to preserve both rinse- off and leave- onformulations.Sodium Methylparaben is effective against bacteria, molds and yeast. The recommended use level of Sodium Methylparaben to preserve most product types is normally in the range of 0.1 - 0.3 % based on the total weight of the finished product. The Paraben esters have many advantages as preservatives, like broad spectrumantimicrobial activity, effective at low use concentrations, compatible with awide range of cosmetic ingredients, colourless, odourless, well documentedtoxicological and dermatological acceptability based on human experience (usedin cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals since 1930ies), p-Hydroxybenzoic Acidand a number of its esters occur naturally in a variety of plants and animals,stable and effective over a wide pH- range, etc. The Sodium Parabens, like Sodium Methylparaben have several additional advantages: Sodium Methyl paraben is highly soluble in cold water for ease of addition. No heating stage required for incorporation, thus saving energy and plant occupancy. Increased antimicrobial activity at alkaline pH. Sodium Methylparaben is a highly water-soluble short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. The major benefit offered by the sodium salts is their high solubility in cold water, thereby enabling the introduction of parabens without heating or pre-dissolving in solvents. Benefits High solubility in cold water Broad spectrum of activity against bacteria and fungi Low order of toxicity Effectiveness at low concentrations Stability over a broad pH-range Water-soluble Biodegradability at environmental concentrations Global acceptance in personal care applications Sodium Methylparaben Market: Segmentation Overview Based on end-user, the sodium methylparaben market is divided into food & beverages, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Sodium methyl paraben is used as a food preservative in the food & beverage industry. Sodium Methyl paraben is used to inhibit the Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which causes fatal botulism. Sodium Methyl paraben is used in baked foods, creams & pastes, jams & jellies, syrups, dairy products, and beverages. Sodium Methyl paraben is employed as a preservative in cosmetics with other parabens. Sodium methyl paraben is utilized in makeup, hair care products, moisturizers & lotions, shaving products, and toothpastes. Sodium Methyl paraben is also used to protect pharmaceutical products from microorganism. The cosmetics and food & beverages segments are expected to account for large shares of the market. In terms of value, the cosmetics segment is anticipated to expand at a considerable pace during the forecast period. In terms of application, the global sodium methylparaben market is segmented into antimicrobial preservatives, anti-fungal agents, and others. The antimicrobial preservative segment is projected to expand at a steady pace during the forecasted period. Based on product type, the sodium methylparaben market is bifurcated into powder and liquid. Sodium Methylparaben. Sodium Methyl paraben by Clariant is a water-soluble preservative. Sodium Methyl paraben is a short-chain paraben in sodium salt form. Sodium Methylparaben offers a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria & fungi and stability over a broad pH-range. Sodium Methylparaben exhibits effectiveness at low concentrations. Sodium Methylparaben shows high solubility in cold water, low order of toxicity and good biodegradability at environmental concentrations. Sodium Methylparaben is used in all kinds of personal care products.

Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum. This white, crystalline salt is often found as the dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O.

CAS Number
10102-40-6 (dihydrate)
7631-95-0


EC / List no.: 600-158-6
CAS no.: 10102-40-6

Molybdate (MoO42-), sodium, hydrate (1:2:2), (T-4)-

IUPAC names
disodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum dihydrate
disodium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum;dihydrate
Molybdate (MoO42-), sodium, hydrate (1:2:2), (T-4)-
Molybdenan sodný dihydrát
Natriummolybdat-Dihydrat
sodium molibdate 2h2o
Sodium Molybdate
sodium molybdate
sodium molybdate dhydrate
Sodium molybdate dihydrate
sodium molybdate dihydrate

disodium molibdate
Molybdate (MoO4(2-)), disodium, dihydrate, (T-4)
Sodium Molybdate
Sodium molybdate dihydrate







EC / List no.: 231-551-7
CAS no.: 7631-95-0
Disodium molybdate
CAS names: Molybdate (MoO42-), sodium (1:2), (T-4)-


IUPAC names
Dinatriumdioxido(dioxo)molybdon
Dinatriummolybdat dihydrat
Disodium dioxido (dioxo)molybdate
disodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum
disodium dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum dihydrate
disodium dioxido-dioxomolybdenum
disodium dioxomolybdenumbis(olate)
Disodium Molybdate
Disodium tetraoxomolybdate
disodium tetraoxomolybdate dihydrate
disodium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum
SODIUM MOLYBDATE
Sodium molybdate dihydrate
Sodium molybdate(VI) dihydrate


NaMo
Sodium Molybdate
Sodium Molybdate Anhydrous
Sodium Molybdate Crystalline (SMC)
Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate
SoMo





WHAT IS SODIUM MOLYBDATE?
There are two main forms of Sodium Molybdate.
Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is a crystalline powder.
It loses its water of crystallization at 100 degrees Celsius.
It is known to be less toxic than the other corresponding compounds of group 6B elements in the periodic table.
Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is used in the manufacturing of inorganic and organic pigments, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a bath additive for finishing metals finishing, as a reagent for alkaloids, and as an essential micronutrient for plants and animals.


Sodium Molybdate, Anhydrous is a small, lustrous, crystalline plate.
It has the melting point of 687 degrees Celsius and a density of 3.28 (18C).
It is soluble in water and also noncombustible.
It can be used for reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment, production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corrosion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment production, additive for fertilizers and feeds, and micronutrient.


SODIUM MOLIBDATE is a Plant Nutrient that is directly involved in the metabolic functions of nitrogen in the plant.
Sodium molybdate helps with the uptake of nitrogen, ensuring efficient nitrogen-fixing for these plants, and allowing nitrogen to be synthesized into ammonia and essential amino acids.

Sodium molybdate is a source of molybdenum oxide, and this chemical has a variety of useful industrial, commercial, and agricultural purposes

SODIUM MOLIBDATE is a crystalline powder of 100% sodium molybdate, which may be used either as a seeddressing or foliar spray to combat molybdenum deficiency in agricultural crops.


Sodium Molybdate (Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate) is widely used in manufacturing, including agricultural fertilizers, pigments, catalysts, fire retardants, corrosion inhibitors, as well as water treatment.




CROP RATE OF APPLICATION REMARKS

LUCERN: 125 – 250 g/ha
Seed treatment simultaneously with inoculation.

GRASS/CLOVER PASTURES: 155 g/ha
Foliar spray onto young regrowth after cutting.

TOMATOES: 250 g/ha Molybdenum deficiency occurs generally in the Transvaal Lowveld, especially on acid soils.
Apply to the planting furrow just before transplanting, or as a foliar spray.

MAIZE: 60 g/1,25 ℓ water
Place 100 kg seed in a drum with watertight lid.
Add the solution and turn the drum over for 15 to 20 minutes by rolling or by turning on an axle by means of a handle.
The seed may be treated any time before planting.

CRUCIFEROUS CROPS: 100 – 250 g/ha
Spray the young plants with a solution of water.

CUCURBITS: 2 g/1 ℓ water
Let the seed soak overnight in a 0,2% solution and plant directly afterwards.

SUNFLOWER: 25 g/25 g seed A solution of the trace element should be applied uniformly to the seed.
50 g/100 ℓ water Apply to the seedling as a full cover foliar spray.




Why Sodium Molybdate Is Used In Agriculture Industry

In recent times, the agriculture sector is used the best chemical compounds for fertilizer.
One of the popular chemicals for fertilizer application is sodium molybdate.
The fertilizer uses this chemical easily soluble in water and soaks into the soil that reduces the runoff.
It helps to reduce the waste chemical compound, which can harm the environment.
Sodium Molybdate is mostly used as an important micronutrient for animals and plants, additive for metals finishing, and much more.

Overview of sodium molybdate

It is available in different forms such as Sodium Molybdate and Dihydrate, which is a crystalline powder.
This chemical is lower toxic when compared to other compounds of group 6B parts in the table.
It is mostly used in organic and inorganic pigment manufacturing.
Anhydrous is a small crystalline plate that has a 687 degrees Celsius melting point.
This chemical is easily soluble in water.
It is mostly used for reagents in paint pigment, molybdated toner production, brightening agent for zinc plating, paint pigment, and much more.


Benefits of using Sodium Molybdate

Nowadays, Sodium Molybdate is used in different sectors such as printing, manufacturing, metalwork, agriculture, and others due to its benefits.
Over one million pounds of this chemical fertilizer are used every year. Followings are some common benefits of using this mineral.

The molybdate contains lots of elements in the highest oxidation state. It helps to the high solubility of chemical compounds in the water.
Sodium Molybdate is beneficial for fertilizer application in the agriculture sector.
Sodium Molybdate is used as a delivery vessel for important micronutrients in the plant.
It is the main reason for using this chemical compound for fertilizer in agriculture.

Farmers mostly use sodium molybdate that provides important micronutrients.
Sodium Molybdate helps to drive the function of the plant effectively. The efficiency of the plant is not only by the smaller amount required to make an impact on the plant.
It can administer the chemical in absorbing water-based substances quickly.

Sodium Molybdate is mostly used by people who focus on leguminous plants such as peanut, peas, lentils, alfalfa, and much more.
Sodium Molybdate aids with the nitrogen intake and assures effective nitrogen-fixing for some plants.
This chemical lets to fix atmospheric nitrogen available in the surrounding by the bacteria.
It converts the nitrogen to synthesize into the amino acid, ammonia, and others in the plant.


Agricultural Additive For Fertilizer
Sodium molybdate is widely used as an agricultural additive on farms.
It’s an ideal choice for fertilizer applications.
This is because the basic chemistry of molybdate compounds like sodium molybdate include molybdenum oxide at its highest oxidation state.

This means that Sodium molybdate is highly-soluble in water.
This means that fertilizers using sodium molybdate easily combine and mix with water and soak into soil, delivering molybdenum oxide and other valuable micronutrients into the roots and minimizing runoff, which wastes chemical compounds and can have negative environmental consequences.

Sodium molybdate is particularly popular among farmers who primarily focus on legumes like lentils, beans, alfalfa, and peanuts.
Sodium molybdate helps with the uptake of nitrogen, ensuring efficient nitrogen-fixing for these plants, and allowing nitrogen to be synthesized into ammonia and essential amino acids.


Hydroponic Farming & Agriculture
Similarly to traditional soil-based fertilizer applications, sodium molybdate can be used in hydroponic farming, which uses inert substrates as the growing medium instead of soil.
Mineral nutrient solutions are delivered directly to the plants using water, so highly-soluble nutrients and fertilizers – such as sodium molybdate – are very desirable for these purposes.


Corrosion Inhibitor
Sodium molybdate is commonly used as a metal corrosion inhibitor for iron and steel, and is commonly found in water treatment products like chiller systems, where bimetallic design and construction can raise the risk of metal corrosion.

This additive is primarily used in closed-loop systems, and is regarded to be far superior to other corrosion inhibitors like sodium nitrate.
At concentrations of just 50 to 100 ppm, sodium molybdate offers superior performance compared to 800+ ppm concentrations of sodium nitrate.


Sodium Molybdate is used in water treatment, including industrial water treatment due to its low toxicity.
The advantage of Sodium Molybdate in water treatment is that it is effective in low dosages, which maintains low conductivity of water and prevents corrosion by reducing galvanic corrosion potentials.

Sodium Molybdate is also used for metal surface treatment, including galvanizing and polishing.



Nutritional Supplement
Some people may choose to supplement their diets with sodium molybdate.
These products can be found on their own, but molybdenum is typically found in multivitamins and complex vitamins.
Typical doses for dietary supplements range from about 50 mcg to 500 mcg (micrograms) of sodium molybdate.

Most people do not need an additional source of molybdenum, as this micronutrient is present in a wide variety of foods, such as legumes, yogurt, potatoes, whole-grain bread, beef liver, spinach, corn, cheese, tuna, and more.

However, in individuals who may have an improper diet or who wish to ensure they get adequate micronutrients, sodium molybdate is a good option.
Cases of toxicity due to excessive intake of molybdenum are rare, and usually only occur due to exposure in the mining and metalworking industries, so supplementing with sodium molybdate is typically harmless.




Molybdenum importance for appropriate plant functioning and growth is inconsistent by the most of the plants in respect to the total quantity that is obligatory for them.
Molybdenum is a micronutrient that is directly involved in the metabolic functions of nitrogen in the plant.
The transition metal molybdenum, in molybdate form, is essential for plants as a number of enzymes use it to catalyze most important reactions in the nitrogen acclimatization, the synthesis of the phytohormone, degradation of the purine and the detoxification of the sulfite.
There are more than known 50 different enzymes that need Mo, whether direct or indirect impacts on plant growth and development, primarily phytohormones and the N-metabolism involving processes.



Molybdenum deficiency in plants

Molybdenum (Mo) is one of the six ‘minor’ chemical elements required by green plants.
The other five are iron, copper, zinc, manganese and boron.
These elements are termed ‘minor’ because plants need them in only very small amounts (in comparison with the ‘major’ elements nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, sulfur, calcium and magnesium).
But they are essential for normal growth.
Of these six minor elements, molybdenum is needed in smaller quantities than any of the others.
As little as 50 grams of molybdenum per hectare will satisfy the needs of most crops.
Molybdenum is often present in farmyard manure, in seeds or other planting material such as tubers and corms, and as impurities in some artificial fertilisers.
The molybdenum supply from the seed appears to be significant only where the size of the seed is fairly large.
For example, the molybdenum content of bean, pea and maize seed can be important, but that of tomato seed is probably of little significance

SOIL ACIDITY
Molybdenum in acid soils tends to be unavailable to plants. This is why most molybdenum deficiencies occur on acid, rather than on neutral or alkaline soils.
A few cases of molybdenum deficiency have been reported on soils with a pH above 6.0, but most occur where pH is 5.5 or less.
(Note: On the pH scale 7.0 is neutral. Less than 7 indicates acidity, and above 7.0 alkalinity.)

FUNCTION IN PLANTS
Molybdenum is needed by plants for chemical changes associated with nitrogen nutrition.
In non-legumes (such as cauliflowers, tomatoes, lettuce, sunflowers and maize), molybdenum enables the plant to use the nitrates taken up from the soil.
Where the plant has insufficient molybdenum the nitrates accumulate in the leaves and the plant cannot use them to make proteins.
The result is that the plant becomes stunted, with symptoms similar to those of nitrogen deficiency.
At the same time, the edges of the leaves may become scorched by the accumulation of unused nitrates.
In legumes such as clovers, lucerne, beans and peas, molybdenum serves two functions.
The plant needs it to break down any nitrates taken up from the soil—in the same way as non-legumes use molybdenum.
And it helps in the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the root nodule bacteria.
Legumes need more molybdenum to fix nitrogen than to utilise nitrates.

SYMPTOMS
The main symptoms of molybdenum deficiency in non-legumes are stunting and failure of leaves to develop a healthy dark green colour.
The leaves of affected plants show a pale green or yellowish green colour between the veins and along the edges.
In advanced stages, the leaf tissue at the margins of the leaves dies.
The older leaves are the more severely affected.
In cauliflowers, the yellowing of the tissue on the outer leaves is followed by the death of the edges of the small heart leaves.
When these develop, the absence of leaf tissue on their edges results in the formation of narrow, distorted leaves to which the name ‘whiptail’ has been applied.
Affected leaves are usually slightly thickened and the leaf edges tend to curl upwards, especially in tomatoes.
It has been mentioned that legumes such as peas and beans need molybdenum either for utilisation of nitrates (as do non-legumes), or for nitrogen fixation by root nodule bacteria.
Where molybdenum is deficient, and adequate nitrogen is available from fertilisers applied to the soil, symptoms of molybdenum deficiency are similar to those seen in non-legumes, namely, interveinal and marginal leaf chlorosis followed by death of the tissue on the leaf margins.
These symptoms are seen in a condition found in french beans in the Gosford district, to which the name ‘scald’ has been applied.
In lucerne, clover and other pasture legumes, the main symptoms are associated with an inability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.
This stunting and yellowing is identical with nitrogen deficiency and resembles legumes having no nodules and grown in poor soils.

DIAGNOSIS
In some crops, especially cauliflowers, there are very characteristic molybdenum deficiency symptoms.
In others it is not always possible to diagnose with certainty whether a plant or a crop is suffering from a low supply of molybdenum.
The best way to find out is to apply a solution of sodium molybdate or ammonium molybdate to the leaves of the plants or to the soil at their base, and see whether there is any response.
This would be in the form of improved growth or development of a healthy leaf colour, compared with similar, untreated plants.
Certain chemical tests can help diagnose molybdenum deficiency.
In addition, the following can often help determine whether it is worthwhile making a trial application of molybdenum:
• Occurrence of whiptail in cauliflowers in the same locality.
Cauliflowers have a high molybdenum requirement.
If they are growing well on an unlimed soil, and without any trace of whiptail disease, it is unlikely that other crops in that area would suffer from molybdenum deficiency.
• Soil acidity. As mentioned earlier, molybdenum deficiency is more likely on acid soils having a pH of 5.5 or less
• Use of farmyard manure. Where large amounts of farmyard manure have been used, molybdenum deficiency is less likely.
• Patchy distribution of affected plants. Patchy distribution is characteristic of molybdenum deficiency.
The whole crop may be affected, but it is much more usual to find patches of affected plants in an otherwise healthy crop, or vice versa.

CONTROL
In most soils, molybdenum present in an unavailable form will be released by applying lime or dolomite.
The effect of liming on molybdenum availability is slow and it may take several months to correct the deficiency.
The amounts of lime or dolomite needed may range from 2 to 8 tonnes per hectare, depending on initial pH of the soil and whether it is sandy or heavy textured.
Unless lime is likely to be beneficial for other reasons, it is quicker and cheaper to apply a molybdenum compound to the soil or to the crop.
Where one of the molybdenum compounds is used, the quantities recommended vary from 75 g to 1 kg/ ha depending on the crop and the molybdenum material.
Molybdenum can be applied in the following ways:
• mixed with fertiliser; or
• in solution, to — seedlings in the seedbed before transplanting; — the leaves of plants in the field; or — the soil at the base of plants in the field.


CROP RECOMMENDATIONS
Clovers and lucerne Molybdenum trioxide (or equivalent amounts of sodium molybdate or ammonium molybdate): 75 g/ ha mixed with superphosphate. Vegetable crops
(a) Mixed with fertiliser. Ammonium molybdate or sodium molybdate, 1 kg/ha.
(b) Seedbed application to crops such as cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and tomato.
Ammonium molybdate or sodium molybdate, 40 g dissolved in 50 L water and watered on to each 10 m2 of seedbed about one to two weeks before transplanting.
(Following such seedbed applications, cauliflower seedlings often develop a distinct blue colour in the stems and leaves.
This blue colour gradually disappears when they are transplanted.)
(c) Field application to growing crops. About 50 g of ammonium molybdate or sodium molybdate in 100 L water.
This may be sprayed onto the leaves of plants such as tomatoes and beans or it can be applied to the ground at the base of the plants, giving each cauliflower or tomato plant about 150 mL of solution.
These recommendations are usually more than enough to supply the molybdenum requirements of crops.
Lower rates may be adequate, but more than the recommended rate is a waste of money, and may injure the plants.

Mo COMPOUNDS AVAILABLE
Molybdenum compounds used for crops include molybdenum trioxide, sodium molybdate and ammonium molybdate.
Choice of the material to be used depends on whether it is to be applied with fertilizer or as a solution Molybdenum trioxide is only partially soluble in water.
It is the form usually used in molybdenized superphosphate but is not suitable for making up sprays to treat a growing crop.
Molybdenum trioxide (also called molybdic oxide) contains 66 per cent molybdenum.
Ammonium molybdate contains 54 per cent molybdenum.
Though it is soluble in water, it is frequently sold in large lumps which dissolve slowly in cold water.
It is better either to use hot water to dissolve the lumps or to crush them to a fine powder before adding to the water
Sodium molybdate is usually sold in a form containing 39 per cent molybdenum.
It is sold as fine crystals which dissolve readily in cold water and this material is undoubtedly the most convenient for the preparation of solutions to be used for spraying


Sodium Molybdate is a free flowing soluble crystalline fertiliser and is used to supply the trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock in various situations.
Sodium Molybdate is only required in very small quantities to satisfy annual plant requirements.
Sodium Molybdate is suitable for foliar or fertigation application on a wide range of horticultural and broad acre crops and pastures.


SODIUM MOLYBDATE BENEFITS
• Supplies the essential trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock
• Foliar applied to crops and pastures grown on acid soils where plant availability is low
• Essential for conversion of nitrates in leaves to amino acids and proteins
• Suitable for foliar or fertigation
• Ideal for brassica, beans, peas, grapes, cucurbits, canola, clover and other crops and pastures susceptible to molybdenum deficiency.

Sodium Molybdate Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum.[2] It is often found as the dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O. The molybdate(VI) anion is tetrahedral. Two sodium cations coordinate with every one anion. Sodium Molybdate is a crystalline powder essential for the metabolism and development of plants and animals as a cofactor for enzymes. History Sodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration.[4] A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO3 in sodium hydroxide at 50–70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product.[3] The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C. MoO3 + 2NaOH + H2O → Na2MoO4·2H2O Uses The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer. In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils.[5][6] However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm sodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle.[3] It is used in industry for corrosion inhibition, as it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.[3] The addition of sodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of fluids inhibited with nitrite-amine, and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.[7] In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is a potential due to bimetallic construction, the application of sodium molybdate is preferred over sodium nitrite. Sodium molybdate has the advantage in that the dosing of lower ppm's of molybdate allow for lower conductivity of the circulating water. Sodium molybdate at levels of 50-100 ppm offer the same levels of corrosion inhibition that sodium nitrite at levels of 800+ ppm. By utilizing lower concentrations of sodium molybdate, conductivity is kept at a minimum and thus galvanic corrosion potentials are decreased. Reactions When reacted with sodium borohydride, molybdenum is reduced to lower valent molybdenum(IV) oxide: Na2MoO4 + NaBH4 + 2H2O → NaBO2 + MoO2 + 2NaOH + 3H2 Sodium molybdate reacts with the acids of dithiophosphates: Na2MoO4 + (R = Me, Et)(RO)2PS2H → [MoO2(S2P(OR)2)2] which further reacts to form [MoO3(S2P(OR)2)4]. Compound Formula H4Na2MoO6 Molecular Weight 241.95 Appearance White powder or crystals Melting Point 100 °C Boiling Point N/A Density 2.37 g/cm3 Solubility in H2O N/A Exact Mass 243.885735 Monoisotopic Mass 243.885735 Chemical Identifiers Linear Formula Na2MoO4 • 2H2O MDL Number MFCD00149170 EC No. 231-551-7 Pubchem CID 16211258 IUPAC Name disodium; dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum; dihydrate SMILES [Na+].[Na+]. O.O.[O-][Mo] ([O-])(=O)=O InchI Identifier InChI=1S/Mo.2Na.2H2O.4O/h;;;2*1H2;;;;/q;2*+1;;;;;2*-1 InchI Key FDEIWTXVNPKYDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Safety Sodium molybdate is incompatible with alkali metals, most common metals and oxidizing agents. It will explode on contact with molten magnesium. It will violently react with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride; chlorine trifluoride). Its reaction with hot sodium, potassium or lithium is incandescent. It is a molybdenum transition metal and in its pure form it is silvery white in color and very hard. Its melting temperature is quite high. Further hardening of the steel can be achieved by adding a small amount. Molybdenum is also important in the nutrition of plants and is involved in some enzymes. Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed in 1778 that the mineral (molybdenite), which was previously thought to be a lead ore or graphite, was a sulfur compound of an unknown metal. Swedish chemist Peter Jacob Hjelm also separated molybdenum into metal in 1782 and named it after the Greek word molybdos, which means "like lead". Although molybdenum is found in minerals such as wulfenite (PbMoO4) or powellite (CaMoO4), the main commercial source of molybdenum is molybdenite (MoS2). Molybdenum can also be obtained by direct mining and as a byproduct during copper mining. Molybdenum is found in its ores in amounts varying from 0.01% to 0.5%. About half of the world's molybdenum mining is carried out in the USA (Phelps Dodge Corporation). Molybdenum, which is similar to chromium and wolfram in terms of chemical properties; It has superior properties such as high melting and boiling point, high heat resistance, high thermal conductivity and low thermal expansion. Molybdenum melts at 2623 ° C. With this feature, it takes the sixth place among metals. Molybdenum boiling at 4639 ° C is not affected by air in cold, oxidized in incandescent state, affected by nitric and sulfuric acids, decomposes water vapor at high temperatures. The density of molybdenum is 10.28 gr / cm3. Usage areas The agricultural industry uses up to £ 1 million a year of fertilizer. In particular, it has been suggested to be used for processing broccoli and cauliflower seeds in molybdenum deficient soils. However, caution should be exercised as sodium molybdate at a level of 0.3 ppm can cause copper deficiencies in animals, especially cattle. It is used in industry for corrosion prevention because it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor. The addition of sodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of nitrite-amine inhibited liquids and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids. In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is potential due to the bimetal structure, sodium molybdate application is preferred over sodium nitrite. Sodium molybdate has the advantage that lower ppm molybdate dosing has lower conductivity of circulating water. Sodium molybdate at 50-100 ppm levels offers the same levels of corrosion inhibition as sodium nitrite at 800+ ppm levels. By using lower concentrations of sodium molybdate, conductivity is kept to a minimum, thus reducing galvanic corrosion potential Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. WHAT IS SODIUM MOLYBDATE? There are two main forms of Sodium Molybdate. Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is a crystalline powder. It loses its water of crystallization at 100 degrees Celsius. It is known to be less toxic than the other corresponding compounds of group 6B elements in the periodic table. Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is used in the manufacturing of inorganic and organic pigments, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a bath additive for finishing metals finishing, as a reagent for alkaloids, and as an essential micronutrient for plants and animals. Sodium Molybdate, Anhydrous is a small, lustrous, crystalline plate. It has the melting point of 687 degrees Celsius and a density of 3.28 (18C). It is soluble in water and also noncombustible. It can be used for reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment, production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corrosion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment production, additive for fertilizers and feeds, and micronutrient. WHY THE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY USES SODIUM MOLYBDATE Sodium Molybdate uses cover a wide range of fields, including manufacturing, metalwork, printing, and more. But the impact it can have on plants and animals has brought it into the forefront of use for the agriculture industry, to the tune of more than 1 million pounds of sodium molybdate fertilizer used per year. The basic chemistry of a molybdate, such as sodium molybdate, contains the element molybdenum in its highest oxidation state, which in turn helps contribute to a high solubility of the chemical in water, a benefit in fertilizer application. This characteristic, when combined with sodium molybdate’s use as a delivery vessel for essential micronutrients (such as molybdenum) in plants, serves as another key reason for the choice of sodium molybdate fertilizer over other types of fertilizers used in agriculture. Another touchpoint for this usage ties back to the hydroponic nutrient practice that is growing in popularity. Hydroponics is an agricultural method in which plants are grown without soil. Instead, they receive their essential micronutrients through a water solvent, a practice that has shown growth rates almost 50 percent faster than traditional soil-grown plants, in addition to a higher yield from hydroponic plants. Sodium molybdate has seen a particularly strong uptick in usage among farmers of leguminous plants, such as alfalfa, peas, beans, lentils and peanuts. Included in fertilizer, it provides these plants with enhanced uptake of the essential nitrogen element, while also allowing for efficient fixing of atmospheric nitrogen found in the atmosphere by bacteria in the legumes. These bacteria convert the nitrogen into ammonia to synthesize amino acids within the plant. Overall, the use of sodium molybdate in the agricultural industry can be summarized in that it is one of the few chemicals that can provide essential micronutrients and help drive plant function in a form that is both efficient and effective. Efficiency is shown not only by the relatively small amounts needed to make an impact on the treated plants, but also in the ability to administer the chemical in easily-absorbed water-based formats. Use of Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzopyranopyrimidine Derivatives Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4.2H2O) has been investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot pseudo–four-component synthesis of the benzopyranopyrimidine derivatives. This efficient and facile technique avoids the use of difficult workup and harsh reaction conditions. SODIUM MOLYBDATE Sodium Molybdate is a free flowing soluble crystalline fertiliser and is used to supply the trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock in various situations. Sodium Molybdate is only required in very small quantities to satisfy annual plant requirements. Sodium Molybdate is suitable for foliar or fertigation application on a wide range of horticultural and broad acre crops and pastures. SODIUM MOLYBDATE BENEFITS • Supplies the essential trace element molybdenum to crops and livestock • Foliar applied to crops and pastures grown on acid soils where plant availability is low • Essential for conversion of nitrates in leaves to amino acids and proteins • Suitable for foliar or fertigation • Ideal for brassica, beans, peas, grapes, cucurbits, canola, clover and other crops and pastures susceptible to molybdenum deficiency. Application Sodium Molybdate can be used as a foliar or fertigation application in a regular nutrition program for applicable crops and pastures. Multiple applications may be required if leaf analyses reveal ongoing deficiency. Note: Molybdenum can be toxic when levels become too high. One spray per crop is generally sufficient, except where deficiency is noted. Susceptible crops such as brassicas and cucurbits may require two sprays three weeks apart Molybdate Stabilization It is well known that sodium molybdate forms stable complexes with thiols (Kay and Mitchell, 1968; Kaul et al., 1987). Ever since Pratt described the ability of molybdate to stabilize the steroid binding activity of receptors, and to block activation (or transformation) (Leach et al., 1979), it has been suspected that molybdate exerted its effects by interacting with cysteines of the receptor. A series of indirect experiments led to the postulate that the sequence of 644–671, and especially cysteines 656 and 661, were required for molybdate stabilization (Dalman et al., 1991a). Experiments with receptor fragments of wild-type and mutant receptors have supported the involvement of this region. However, they have also ruled out the involvement of Cys-656 and 661 in any of molybdate’s effects (Modarress et al., 1994) (see Section III,E,4). Chemicals Cobalt thiocyanate, cobalt acetate dihydrate, glacial acetic acid, isopropylamine, acetaldehyde, ammonium vanadate, formaldehyde, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, ferric chloride, vanillin, sodium molybdate, selenius acid, copper sulfate pentahydrate, sodium nitroprusside, 2-chloroacetophenone, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methanol, hexane, and chloroform were obtained from Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and pyridine were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker, (Paris, KY, USA). Ethanol was obtained from Quantum Chemical (Tuscola, IL, USA). The drugs were purchased in powder form from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA), Alltech-Applied Science (State College, PA, USA) or Research Triangle Institute (RTI, NC, USA). Animal Water-insoluble molybdenite (MoS2) is practically nontoxic; rats dosed with up to 500 mg molybdenite daily for 44 days exhibited no adverse effects. In contrast, animals dosed subchronically with water-soluble molybdenum compounds exhibited gastrointestinal disturbances, growth retardation, anemia, hypothyroidism, bone and joint deformities, liver and kidney abnormalities, and death. Fifty percent mortality was reported in rats maintained for 40 days on molybdenum-enhanced diets containing 125 mg Mo kg−1 (as molybdenum trioxide, MoO3), 100 mg Mo kg−1 (as calcium molybdate, CaMoO4), or 333 mg Mo kg−1 (as ammonium molybdate, (NH4)2MoO4). A dietary level of 0.1% sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4·2H2O) for several weeks was lethal to rabbits. Growth retardation was observed in rats maintained on diets containing 0.04–0.12% molybdenum. Evidence that the toxic effects of molybdenum might be caused by a secondarily acquired copper deficiency was shown in a study where a significant reduction in growth occurred in rats after 11 weeks on a diet containing 20 ppm molybdenum and 5 ppm copper; whereas, growth was not affected by molybdenum dietary levels as high as 80 ppm when the dietary level of copper was increased to 20 ppm. Hypothyroidism, as evidenced by decreased levels of plasma thyroxin, was found in rabbits maintained on a diet containing 0.3% Mo (as sodium molybdate) for several weeks or longer. Anemia, as well as anorexia, weight loss, alopecia, and bone deformities occurred in young rabbits maintained for 4–17 weeks on a diet containing 0.1% molybdenum (as sodium molybdate). Anemia was also observed in rats maintained on a diet containing 0.04% Mo (as sodium molybdate) for 5 weeks, in rabbits on a dietary level of 0.2% sodium molybdate for 5 weeks, and in chicks on a dietary level of 0.4% sodium molybdate for 4 weeks. Signs of anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow were observed in rabbits maintained for 11 days on a diet containing 0.4% sodium molybdate. Bone and connective tissue disorders observed in animals receiving dietary levels of molybdenum 0.04% for 4 weeks or longer included mandibular exostoses, joint deformities, detachment of tendons, epiphyseal line fractures, and epiphyseal plate widening. Acute and Short-Term Toxicity There is considerable variability in the toxicity of molybdenum, depending on the chemical form and the animal species. Generally, soluble compounds are more toxic than insoluble compounds. In animals, acutely toxic oral doses of molybdenum result in severe gastrointestinal irritation with diarrhea, coma, and death from cardiac failure. The rat oral lethal doses (LD50s) values are 188 mg kg−1 for molybdenum trioxide, and 680 mg kg−1 for ammonium molybdate. The LD50 for water-insoluble molybdentite (MoS2) is >500 mg kg−1 and exposures at this level for 44 days exhibited no adverse effects. Oral subchronic median LD50s for molybdenum oxide, calcium molybdate, and ammonium molybdate in rats were 125, 101, and 330 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively, with deaths occurring over a period of 8–232 days. Molybdenum compounds produce varying degrees of eye and skin irritation, with molybdenum trioxide producing eye and respiratory irritation. Rabbits exposed to dietary doses of ammonium molybdate at 0.025, 0.5, 5, and 50 mg kg−1 day−1 for 6 months resulted in liver changes that generated a NOAEL of 0.5 mg kg−1 day−1. Guinea pigs are a less-sensitive species after dietary exposure to sodium molybdate for 8 weeks yielded a LOAEL of 75 mg kg−1 day−1. Anemia, as well as anorexia, weight loss, alopecia, and bone deformities occurred in young rabbits maintained for 4–17 weeks on a diet containing 0.1% molybdenum (as sodium molybdate). Anemia was also observed in rats maintained on a diet containing 0.04% Mo (as sodium molybdate) for 5 weeks, in rabbits on a dietary level of 0.2% sodium molybdate for 5 weeks, and in chicks on a dietary level of 0.4% sodium molybdate for 4 weeks. Signs of anemia and marked erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow were observed in rabbits maintained for 11 days on a diet containing 0.4% sodium molybdate. Bone and connective tissue disorders observed in animals receiving dietary levels of molybdenum 0.04% for 4 weeks or longer included mandibular exostoses, joint deformities, detachment of tendons, epiphyseal line fractures, and epiphyseal plate widening. Medium formulation Chemostat glucose-limited synthetic minimal media contains (per liter) 0.1 g calcium chloride, 0.1 g sodium chloride, 0.5 g magnesium sulfate, 1 g potassium phosphate monobasic, 5 g ammonium sulfate, 500 μg boric acid, 40 μg copper sulfate, 100 μg potassium iodide, 200 μg ferric chloride, 400 μg manganese sulfate, 200 μg sodium molybdate, 400 μg zinc sulfate, 1 μg biotin, 200 μg calcium pantothenate, 1 μg folic acid, 1 mg inositol, 200 μg niacin, 100 μg p-aminobenzoic acid, 200 μg pyridoxine, 100 μg riboflavin, 200 μg thiamine, and 0.08% glucose. Medium is prepared in 10 l quantities, mixed thoroughly, and filter sterilized into an autoclaved glass carboy. Carboy has an outlet port at bottom, leading to a small piece of tubing with a luer lock connector at the end. All entry and exit ports are covered with foil before autoclaving. Outflow tubing is sealed with a metal clamp before filling. Carboy is placed on a shelf above chemostat area. Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of sodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep, based on a dossier submitted for the re‐evaluation of the additive. The additive is currently authorised in the EU for all animal species as ‘Nutritional additive’ – ‘Compounds of trace elements’. Taking the optimal Cu:Mo ratio of 3–10, and the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep (15 mg/kg), the FEEDAP Panel concluded that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep. Considering (i) a safe intake of 0.6 mg Mo/day, (ii) the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day), (iii) the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake (estimated to be up to 22 %), and (iv) that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues/products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper safe level, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of sodium molybdate as a additive in sheep at 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers. The additive under assessment feed poses no risk by inhalation to users; it is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser. Sodium molybdate used up to 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete sheep feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment. The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10. Summary Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of sodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep. The additive is currently authorised in the European Union (EU) under the element Molybdenum‐Mo (E7) for all animal species; the compound is included in the EU Register of Feed Additives under the category ‘Nutritional additives’ and the functional group ‘Compounds of trace elements’. Molybdenum toxicity in farm animals is manifested as antagonism of absorption and/or biological activity of copper, and is greatly enhanced by high sulfur content in the diet. Ruminants, including sheep, are highly susceptible to molybdenum excess, which may induce a clinically severe copper deficiency (molybdenosis). Conversely, low molybdenum in the diet is expected to enhance copper toxicity, if the intake of copper is high. The FEEDAP Panel considered therefore not possible to establish an absolute figure for a dietary molybdenum concentration which is equally safe for sheep and effective in preventing copper toxicity. Considering that (i) the key parameter to ensure the safety of molybdenum supplementation is the optimal Cu:Mo ratio, which in sheep is in the range of 3–10 and (ii) the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep is 15 mg/kg, the FEEDAP Panel concluded, that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep. Toxicokinetic data in laboratory rodents and farm animals (including sheep), however incomplete, uniformly indicate that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues or products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper maximum level of 2.5 mg/kg. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the available data support an upper intake tolerable level (UL) of 0.01 mg/kg body weight (bw) for molybdenum based on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for female reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity of 0.9 mg/kg bw per day and the application of a 100‐safety factor. The UL would result in a safe intake of 0.6 mg/day in a 60‐kg individual; this intake is largely higher than the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 μg/day). Molybdenum is ubiquitous in foods, surveys in the EU countries provide average intake figures generally lower than 100 μg/day, whereas offals (liver and kidney) are relatively rich sources of molybdenum, the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake has been estimated to be up to 22%. Molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues or products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper maximum level of 2.5 mg/kg. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel considered that the use of sodium molybdate as a feed additive in sheep at 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers. Molybdenum is a potential respiratory toxicant; the available data indicate that the use of the sodium molybdate under evaluation in animal nutrition poses no risk by inhalation to users. The additive is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser. The use of sodium molybdate as a feed additive in sheep up to maximum of 2.5 mg of Mo/kg complete feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment. The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10. Additional information The additive ‘Sodium molybdate’ had been authorised in the European Union (EU) under the element Molybdenum‐Mo (E7) for all animal species ‘Without a time limit’ (Council Directive 70/524/EEC concerning additives in feedingstuffs – List of authorised additives in feedingstuffs (2004/C 50/01). Following the provisions of Article 10(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 the compound was included in the EU Register of Feed Additives under the category ‘Nutritional additives’ and the functional group ‘Compounds of trace elements’. The Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) of the European Commission published in the year 2000 an opinion on the tolerable upper intake levels of molybdenum (European Commission, 2000). The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS Panel) delivered an opinion on potassium molybdate as a source of molybdenum added for nutritional purposes to food supplements (EFSA, 2009). The EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA Panel) delivered an opinion on dietary reference values for molybdenum (EFSA NDA Panel, 2013). According to Regulation (EC) no 1170/20092, Molybdenum is listed as mineral which may be used in the manufacture of food supplements (Annex I); the following molybdenum compounds are authorised for use in the manufacture of food supplements: ammonium molybdate (molybdenum (VI)), potassium molybdate (molybdenum (VI)) and sodium molybdate (molybdenum (VI)) (Annex II); the following molybdenum compounds are authorised as mineral substances which may be added to foods: ammonium molybdate (molybdenum (VI)) and sodium molybdate (molybdenum (VI)) (Annex III). The following molybdenum compounds may be added for specific nutritional purposes in foods for particular nutritional uses (Commission Regulation (EC) No 953/2009)3: ammonium molybdate and sodium molybdate. The following types of fertilisers containing molybdenum and described as ‘Fertilisers containing only one micro‐nutrient’ are listed in Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 2003/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 as: (a) sodium molybdate (chemically obtained product containing sodium molybdate as its essential ingredient), (b) ammonium molybdate (chemically obtained product containing ammonium molybdate as its essential ingredient), (c) molybdenum‐based fertiliser Product obtained by mixing types (a) and (b)), and (d) molybdenum‐based fertiliser solution (product obtained by dissolving types ‘(a)’ and/or one of the type ‘(b)’ in water). Effects on skin and eye No original studies were provided by the applicant. The potential of sodium molybdate to elicit skin and ocular irritation or skin sensitization were briefly reviewed in (European Commission, 2000). When tested in rabbits, sodium molybdate (anhydrous form) elicited evident skin irritation for 24 h after application, albeit the skin lesions reversed within 72 . In an eye irritation test on rabbits, a 20% solution did not increase corneal irritation but caused evident conjunctival redness. Based on these findings, sodium molybdate is considered as a skin and eye irritant. The substance is reported not to elicit skin sensitisation (European Commission, 2000 and references herein). Sodium molybdate, Na2MoO4, is useful as a source of molybdenum. It is often found as the dihydrate, Na2MoO4·2H2O. The molybdate(VI) anion is tetrahedral. Two sodium cations coordinate with every one anion. Sodium Molybdate is a crystalline powder essential for the metabolism and development of plants and animals as a cofactor for enzymes. Sodium molybdate (anhydrous) is an inorganic sodium salt having molybdate as the counterion. It has a role as a poison. It contains a molybdate. General description Sodium molybdate dihydrate (SMD) is a molybdic acid disodium salt. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group, Pbca.[1] The toxic effect of SMD on the avian species, northern bobwhite quail has been investigated.[2] Its ability to inhibit corrosion of 6082 wrought aluminum alloy has been studied in NaCl solution of chlorosulfonic acid.[3] Application Sodium molybdate dihydrate has been used as one of the phosphatase inhibitor during the Western blot analysis.[4] It may be used to prepare: • Shuttle-like barium molybdate (BaMoO4) microstructures under microwave conditions.[5] • Nickel-molybdenum-zinc (NiMoZn) electrode.[6] • Eu3+ doped lead molybdate (PbMoO4) nanocrystals (NCs) under microwave conditions. Sodium molybdate was first synthesized by the method of hydration.[4] A more convenient synthesis is done by dissolving MoO3 in sodium hydroxide at 50–70 °C and crystallizing the filtered product.[3] The anhydrous salt is prepared by heating to 100 °C. Uses The agriculture industry uses 1 million pounds per year as a fertilizer. In particular, its use has been suggested for treatment of whiptail in broccoli and cauliflower in molybdenum-deficient soils.[5][6] However, care must be taken because at a level of 0.3 ppm sodium molybdate can cause copper deficiencies in animals, particularly cattle.[3] It is used in industry for corrosion inhibition, as it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor.[3] The addition of sodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of fluids inhibited with nitrite-amine, and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids.[7] In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is a potential due to bimetallic construction, the application of sodium molybdate is preferred over sodium nitrite. Sodium molybdate has the advantage in that the dosing of lower ppm's of molybdate allow for lower conductivity of the circulating water. Sodium molybdate at levels of 50-100 ppm offer the same levels of corrosion inhibition that sodium nitrite at levels of 800+ ppm. By utilizing lower concentrations of sodium molybdate, conductivity is kept at a minimum and thus galvanic corrosion potentials are decreased. Sodium molybdate is incompatible with alkali metals, most common metals and oxidizing agents. It will explode on contact with molten magnesium. It will violently react with interhalogens (e.g., bromine pentafluoride; chlorine trifluoride). Its reaction with hot sodium, potassium or lithium is incandescent. Usage areas The agricultural industry uses up to £ 1 million a year of fertilizer. In particular, it has been suggested to be used for processing broccoli and cauliflower seeds in molybdenum deficient soils. However, caution should be exercised as sodium molybdate at a level of 0.3 ppm can cause copper deficiencies in animals, especially cattle. It is used in industry for corrosion prevention because it is a non-oxidizing anodic inhibitor. The addition of sodium molybdate significantly reduces the nitrite requirement of nitrite-amine inhibited liquids and improves the corrosion protection of carboxylate salt fluids. In industrial water treatment applications where galvanic corrosion is potential due to the bimetal structure, sodium molybdate application is preferred over sodium nitrite. Sodium molybdate has the advantage that lower ppm molybdate dosing has lower conductivity of circulating water. Sodium molybdate at 50-100 ppm levels offers the same levels of corrosion inhibition as sodium nitrite at 800+ ppm levels. By using lower concentrations of sodium molybdate, conductivity is kept to a minimum, thus reducing galvanic corrosion potential Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement. WHAT IS SODIUM MOLYBDATE? There are two main forms of Sodium Molybdate. Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is a crystalline powder. It loses its water of crystallization at 100 degrees Celsius. It is known to be less toxic than the other corresponding compounds of group 6B elements in the periodic table. Sodium Molybdate, Dihydrate is used in the manufacturing of inorganic and organic pigments, as a corrosion inhibitor, as a bath additive for finishing metals finishing, as a reagent for alkaloids, and

SYNONYMS Ethanol, 2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-, 1-(hydrogen sulfate), sodium salt (1:1);Ethanol, 2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-, hydrogen sulfate sodium salt;Ethanol, 2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-, hydrogen sulfate, sodium salt;Natrium-2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethylsulfat;sodium 2-[2-[2-(tetradecyloxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethyl sulphate CAS NO:25446-80-4

SODIUM MYRISTOYL GLUTAMATE N° CAS : 38517-37-2 / 38754-83-5 / 71368-20-2 Nom INCI : SODIUM MYRISTOYL GLUTAMATE Nom chimique : Sodium hydrogen N-(1-oxotetradecyl)-L-glutamate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 253-981-4 Compatible Bio (Référentiel COSMOS) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM MYRISTOYL SARCOSINATE N° CAS : 30364-51-3 Nom INCI : SODIUM MYRISTOYL SARCOSINATE Nom chimique : Sodium N-methyl-N-(1-oxotetradecyl)aminoacetate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 250-151-3 Ses fonctions (INCI) Antistatique : Réduit l'électricité statique en neutralisant la charge électrique sur une surface Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SODIUM MYRISTYL SULFATE N° CAS : 1191-50-0 Nom INCI : SODIUM MYRISTYL SULFATE Nom chimique : Sodium tetradecyl sulphate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 214-737-2 Classification : Sulfate Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

cas no 532-02-5 Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; Sodium naphthalene-2-sulphonate; Sodium beta-naphthalenesulfonate; Sodium naphthalene-6-sulfonate; beta-Naphthalenesulfonic sodium salt;

SODIUM NAPHTHALENESULFONATE; NAPHTHALENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; Sodium naphthalenesulfonate; N° CAS : 532-02-5 / 1321-69-3; Nom INCI : SODIUM ; NAPHTHALENESULFONATE; Nom chimique : 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid, Sodium Salt; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 208-523-8 / 215-323-4. Ses fonctions (INCI): Hydrotrope : Augmente la solubilité d'une substance qui est peu soluble dans l'eau. Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation. Noms français : B-NAPHTALENE SULFONATE DE SODIUM; SEL DE SODIUM DE L'ACIDE NAPHTALENESULFONIQUE-2; Sel de sodium de l'acide naphtalènesulfonique-2. Noms anglais : 2-NAPHTHALENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; SODIUM .BETA.-NAPHTHALENESULFONATE; Sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate; SODIUM NAPHTHALENE-2-SULPHONATE; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1:1). IUPAC names : 2-Naphthalinsulfonsäure Natriumsalz; naftalin sülfonat, naftalinsülfonat; Sodium 2-Naphthalenesulfonate; sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate; 208-523-8 [EINECS]; 2-Naphtalènesulfonate de sodium [French]; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1:1); 532-02-5 [RN]; MFCD00064186 [MDL number]; Natrium-2-naphthalinsulfonat [German] ; Natriumnaphthalen-2-sulfonat; QK3678000; Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate; sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate; Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate; [532-02-5]; 1321-69-3 [RN]; 2/5/532; 215-323-4 [EINECS]; 2-Naphthalene sulfonic acid sodium salt; 2-naphthalenesulfonate sodium;2-NAPHTHALENESULFONIC ACID SODIUM SALT,96%; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; 2-NAPHTHALENESULFONICACIDSODIUMSALT; 2-Naphthalenesulphonic acid sodium salt; 5/2/532;EINECS 208-523-8 ; NAPHTHALENE-2-SULFONIC ACID; Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt; naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, sodium salt; Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid; sodium salt; Naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid sodium salt; Naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid, sodium salt; sodium and naphthalene-2-sulfonate; SODIUM NAPHTHALENE-2-SULPHONATE; Sodium naphthalene-2-sulphonate 95%;Sodium naphthalene-6-sulfonate; SODIUM NAPHTHALENESULFONATE; Sodium salt; Sodium salt of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid; Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate; sodium;naphthalene-2-sulfonate ; sodium2-naphthalenesulfonate; Sodium-2-naphthalenesulfonate; TL8003494; UNII-D3F8YRX7TP; β-Naphthalenesulfonic sodium salt; Noms français : NAPHTALENE SULFONATE DE SODIUM; NAPHTHALENE SULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; SEL DE SODIUM DE L'ACIDE NAPHTALENESULFONIQUE; Sel de sodium de l'acide naphtalènesulfonique; SODIUM NAPHTHALENE SULFONATE. Noms anglais : NAPHTHALENESULFONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT; Sodium naphthalenesulfonate. Utilisation: Fabrication de produits organiques; Sodium naphthalenesulphonate. ; IUPAC names :sodium naphthalene-1-sulfonate; 130-14-3 [RN]; 1-Naphtalènesulfonate de sodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt;1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt; 1-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; 215-323-4 [EINECS]; MFCD00064964 [MDL number];Natrium-1-naphthalinsulfonat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] ; Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; sodium naphthalene-1-sulfonate; Sodium α-naphthalenesulfonate; α-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt; [130-14-3]; [1321-69-3] ; 1321-69-3 [RN]; 1-Naphthalene Sulfonic Acid, Monosodium salt; 1-Naphthalene sulphonic acid sodium salt; 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid; sodium; 204-976-0MFCD00064964; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic Acid Sodium Salt; 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 36290-04-7 [RN] 532-02-5 [RN] 9008-63-3 [RN] 98% (dry wt.), water <5% EINECS 204-976-0 EINECS 208-523-8 EINECS 215-323-4 Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution Naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution (40% or less) naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt Naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid; sodium salt Naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid sodium salt Naphthalene-1-sulphonic acid, sodium salt Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt Naphthalenesulfonic acid, sodium salt Sodium ??-naphthalenesulfonate Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate;Sodium ??-naphthalenesulfonate Sodium 1-naphthalenesulfonate;Sodium ?-naphthalenesulfonate Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate [ACD/IUPAC Name] Sodium α-naphthyl acetate Sodium naphthalene sulfonate Sodium naphthalene sulfonate solution Sodium naphthalene sulfonate solution (40% or less) sodium naphthalene-2-sulfonate SODIUM NAPHTHALENE-2-SULPHONATE Sodium naphthalene-6-sulfonate SODIUM NAPHTHALENESULFONATE sodium naphthalenesulphonate Sodium salt Sodium salt of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid Sodium α-naphthalenesulfonate Sodium α-naphthalenesulfonic acid Sodium α-naphthyl acetate Sodium α-naphthylsulfonate Sodium β-naphthalenesulfonate Sodium-2-naphthalenesulfonate UNII-D3F8YRX7TP α salt α-Naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt β-Naphthalenesulfonic sodium salt

cas no 7631-99-4 Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate; Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate de sodium (French); Nitric acid sodium salt; Chile salpeter;

SYNONYMS Soda Niter; Cubic Niter; Chile Saltpeter; Sodium(I) Nitrate Nitrate of Soda CAS NO7631-99-4

Le nitrite de sodium est un composé inorganique de formule chimique NaNO2.
Le nitrite de sodium est une tache blanche ou jaune sur le cristal ou la poudre orthorhombique.
Le nitrite de sodium est soluble dans l'eau et l'ammoniac liquide, sa solution aqueuse est alcaline.

Numéro CAS : 7632-00-0
Formule moléculaire : NaNO2
Poids moléculaire : 69
Numéro EINECS : 231-555-9

Le nitrite de sodium est un composé inorganique de formule chimique NaNO2.
Le nitrite de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche à légèrement jaunâtre, très soluble dans l'eau et hygroscopique.
D'un point de vue industriel, le nitrite de sodium est le sel nitrité le plus important.

Le nitrite de sodium est un précurseur d'une variété de composés organiques, tels que les produits pharmaceutiques, les colorants et les pesticides, mais il est probablement mieux connu comme additif alimentaire utilisé dans les viandes transformées et (dans certains pays) dans les produits de la pêche.
Le nitrite de sodium est similaire dans son nom et son utilisation au nitrate de sodium.
Les deux sont des conservateurs utilisés dans les viandes transformées, telles que le salami, les hot-dogs et le bacon.

Le nitrite de sodium a été synthétisé par plusieurs réactions chimiques qui impliquent la réduction du nitrate de sodium.
La production industrielle de nitrite de sodium se fait principalement par absorption d'oxydes d'azote en carbonate de sodium aqueux ou en hydroxyde de sodium.
Au fil des ans, le nitrite de sodium a soulevé des inquiétudes quant à son innocuité dans les aliments, mais il reste utilisé et il y a des indications qu'il pourrait en fait être sain.

Le nitrite de sodium a été développé dans les années 1960.
En 1977, le ministère américain de l'Agriculture (USDA) a envisagé de l'interdire, mais la décision finale de l'USDA sur l'additif a été rendue en 1984, autorisant son utilisation.
Des études menées dans les années 1990 ont révélé certains effets néfastes du nitrite de sodium, par exemple le potentiel de causer des leucémies infantiles et des cancers du cerveau.

À la fin des années 1990, le National Toxicity Program (NTP) a entrepris un examen du nitrite de sodium et a proposé d'inscrire le nitrite de sodium sur la liste des substances toxiques pour le développement et la reproduction, mais un rapport publié en 2000 par le NTP a proposé que le nitrite de sodium n'est pas une substance toxique et l'a retiré de la liste des substances toxiques pour le développement et la reproduction.
On pense maintenant que le nitrite de sodium peut aider à résoudre les greffes d'organes et les problèmes vasculaires des jambes, tout en prévenant les crises cardiaques et la drépanocytose.
Le nitrite de sodium (NaNO2) est un composé inorganique couramment utilisé comme réactif et catalyseur en chimie organique synthétique.

Formule chimique Le nitrite de sodium est NaNO2, dans lequel N a une valence est + III.
Le nitrite de sodium est un cristal incolore ou jaune, la densité relative est de 2,168 (0 °C), le point de fusion est de 271 °C et il est décomposé à 320 °C.
Le nitrite de sodium est soluble dans l'eau et la solution aqueuse est alcaline en raison de l'hydrolyse des nitrates.

Le nitrite de sodium a les caractéristiques de réduction et d'oxydation et est principalement l'oxydation.
En solution acide, la principale performance est l'oxydation.
En solution alcaline ou en cas d'agent oxydant fort, ses performances sont réductrices.

Avec le soufre, le phosphore, la matière organique et d'autres frottements ou impacts peuvent provoquer une combustion ou une explosion.
Le nitrite de sodium peut être placé dans l'air avec la réaction de l'oxygène et produire progressivement du nitrate de sodium : NaNO2 + 1 / 2O2 = NaNO3.
Lors de l'utilisation de nitrite de sodium acide fort, il peut être nitrité en acide nitrique.

Le nitrite est très instable, facilement décomposé en dioxyde d'azote, en oxyde nitrique et en eau.
Les atomes d'azote et les atomes d'oxygène ont tous une seule paire d'électrons, qui peuvent être utilisés comme ligands, et peuvent être utilisés comme ligands pour former des complexes avec de nombreux ions métalliques.
Le nitrite de sodium est une substance toxique et cancérigène, son utilisation doit être prudente.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans l'industrie de l'impression et de la teinture et dans la synthèse organique.
Le nitrite de sodium est obtenu par la réaction du nitrate de sodium et du plomb dans un total de conditions chaudes.
NaNO3+Pb=NaNO2+PbO.

Le mélange réactionnel obtenu par traitement à l'eau chaude, filtration pour éliminer l'oxyde de plomb insoluble, concentration et cristallisation du cristal de nitrite de sodium peut être obtenu.
Le nitrite de sodium est un sel de sodium inorganique dont le nitrite est le contre-ion.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme conservateur alimentaire et antidote à l'empoisonnement au cyanure.

Le nitrite de sodium joue un rôle de conservateur alimentaire antimicrobien, d'agent antihypertenseur, d'antioxydant alimentaire, de poison et d'antidote à l'empoisonnement au cyanure.
Le nitrite de sodium est un sel de nitrite et un sel de sodium inorganique.
Le nitrite de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche.

Si quelqu'un ingère suffisamment de cette substance, cela peut interférer avec la capacité des globules rouges du corps à transporter l'oxygène.
Cette affection dangereuse et potentiellement mortelle s'appelle la méthémoglobinémie.
Le nitrite de sodium est un solide cristallin blanc jaunâtre.

Incombustible mais accélérera la combustion des matériaux combustibles.
Si de grandes quantités sont impliquées dans un incendie ou si le matériau combustible est finement divisé, une explosion peut se produire.
S'il est contaminé par des composés d'ammonium, une décomposition spontanée peut se produire et la chaleur qui en résulte peut enflammer les matériaux combustibles environnants.

Une exposition prolongée à la chaleur peut provoquer une explosion.
Des oxydes toxiques d'azote sont produits dans les incendies impliquant du nitrite de sodium.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme conservateur alimentaire et pour fabriquer d'autres produits chimiques.

Le nitrite de sodium se trouve également à de faibles concentrations dans la plupart des légumes.
Les épinards et la laitue peuvent avoir certaines des concentrations les plus élevées, mais tous les légumes contiendront des niveaux de nitrite de sodium.
Le nitrite de sodium a été exploré dans les médicaments humains et vétérinaires en tant que vasodilatateur, réduisant la pression artérielle, et est également utilisé comme antidote pour l'empoisonnement au cyanure.

Le nitrite de sodium, NaN02, est une poudre blanc jaunâtre sensible au risque d'incendie, sensible à l'air, soluble dans l'eau et qui se décompose à des températures supérieures à 320 °C (608 °F).
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme intermédiaire pour les colorants et pour le décapage de la viande, dans la teinture des textiles, dans l'antirouille, en médecine et comme réactif en chimie organique.
Le nitrite de sodium est également capable de retarder efficacement le développement du rancissement oxydatif.

La peroxydation lipidique est considérée comme une cause majeure de la détérioration de la qualité des produits carnés (rancissement et saveurs peu appétissantes).
Le nitrite de sodium agit comme un antioxydant dans un mécanisme similaire à celui responsable de l'effet colorant.
Le nitrite réagit avec les protéines hémiques et les ions métalliques, neutralisant les radicaux libres par l'oxyde nitrique (l'un de ses sous-produits).

La neutralisation de ces radicaux libres met fin au cycle d'oxydation des lipides qui conduit au rancissement.
Le nitrite de sodium est l'additif de salaison le plus important responsable de la couleur et de la saveur typiques associées à la charcuterie.
Le nitrite de sodium assure la stabilité oxydative de la viande tout en aidant à contrôler la saveur et à prévenir la croissance de C. botulinum, en particulier en ce qui concerne les mauvaises manipulations et les abus de température.

Le nitrate de sodium est utilisé dans la viande séchée, car il se décompose lentement en nitrite.
L'ajout de nitrite aux aliments peut entraîner la formation de petites quantités de produits chimiques cancérigènes puissants (nitrosamines), en particulier dans le bacon frit.
Le nitrite, qui est également présent dans la salive et se forme à partir de nitrate dans plusieurs légumes, peut subir la même réaction chimique dans l'estomac.

Le nitrite de sodium ressemble à un grain de sel surdimensionné, selon une entrée de base de données de 2017 du Programme international sur la sécurité chimique.
La plupart des produits de charcuterie contiennent cet additif alimentaire, selon un article publié en mars 2012 dans Meat Science.
L'ajout d'une petite quantité de nitrite de sodium rend les aliments comme les hot-dogs légèrement ros.

Les nitrates de sodium (NaNO3) et les nitrites de sodium (NaNO2) sont des composés chimiques naturels couramment utilisés dans les produits de charcuterie tels que le bacon et les hot-dogs.
Pour les cuisiniers amateurs, un produit appelé « sel rose » ou poudre de Prague qui combine des nitrites et/ou des nitrates de sodium avec du chlorure de sodium (sel) permet de conserver la viande en toute sécurité pour la saveur et un stockage prolongé.
Le nitrite de sodium est un type de sel qui se trouve être particulièrement efficace comme conservateur alimentaire.

Minéral naturel, le nitrite de sodium est présent dans toutes sortes de légumes (légumes-racines comme les carottes et légumes-feuilles comme le céleri et les épinards), ainsi que dans de nombreux fruits et céréales.
Tout ce qui pousse à partir du sol extrait le nitrite de sodium du sol.
Le nitrite de sodium a une histoire longue et quelque peu compliquée.

Le nitrite de sodium a été développé pour la première fois dans les années 1960 et, en 1977, l'USDA a envisagé de l'interdire, mais en 1984, son utilisation comme additif alimentaire a été autorisée.
Des études menées dans les années 1990 ont indiqué qu'il pourrait y avoir des effets indésirables liés à l'utilisation du nitrite de sodium comme additif alimentaire, et le National Toxicity Program (NTP) a recommandé d'inscrire le composé sur la liste des substances toxiques pour le développement et la reproduction.
Cependant, dans un rapport du NTP en 2000, il a été constaté que le nitrite de sodium n'était pas une substance toxique lorsqu'il était utilisé à des niveaux approuvés et a été retiré de la liste des substances toxiques pour le développement et la reproduction.

Aujourd'hui, on pense que le nitrite de sodium pourrait prévenir les crises cardiaques et la drépanocytose et aider aux greffes d'organes et aux problèmes vasculaires dans les jambes.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans de nombreux produits et procédés industriels, y compris les sels de transfert de chaleur, le traitement et la finition des métaux, les conservateurs de viande et de poisson, les produits pharmaceutiques et comme antidote à l'empoisonnement au cyanure.

Le nitrite de sodium est un solide hygroscopique blanc ou blanc-jaunâtre, soluble dans l'eau et légèrement soluble dans les alcools primaires, bien qu'insoluble dans les alcanes et les chlorocarbures.
Le nitrite de sodium a une densité de 2,168 g/cm3.
Le nitrite de sodium fond lorsqu'il est chauffé à 271 °C et se décompose également, avec une décomposition importante à partir de 320 °C.

Melting point: 271 °C (lit.)
Point d'ébullition : 320 °C
Densité : 2,17 g/cm3
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubilité : acide aqueux : 1 - 2μl d'acide acétique par ml H2Osoluble
Forme : Poudre
couleur : blanc ou incolore
Densité : 2.168
Odeur : Inodore
Plage de pH : 9
PH : 9 (100g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Propriétés oxydantes : La substance ou le mélange est classé comme oxydant dans la sous-catégorie 3
Solubilité dans l'eau : 820 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensible : Hygroscopique
Merck : 14,8648

Le nitrite de sodium est un agent oxydant. Les mélanges avec du phosphore, du chlorure d'étain(II) ou d'autres agents réducteurs peuvent réagir de manière explosive.
S'il est contaminé par des composés d'ammonium, une décomposition spontanée peut se produire et la chaleur qui en résulte peut enflammer les matériaux combustibles environnants.
Réagit avec les acides pour former du dioxyde d'azote gazeux toxique.

Le mélange avec de l'ammoniac liquide forme du nitrite dipotassique, qui est très réactif et facilement explosif.
La fusion d'un sel d'ammonium entraîne une violente explosion.
Un mélange avec du cyanure de potassium peut provoquer une explosion.

Incombustible mais accélère la combustion de tous les matériaux combustibles.
Si de grandes quantités sont impliquées dans un incendie ou si le matériau combustible est finement divisé, une explosion peut se produire.
Lorsqu'un peu de sulfate d'ammonium est ajouté au nitrite de potassium fondu, une réaction vigoureuse se produit accompagnée d'une flamme

L'apparence et le goût de la viande sont un élément important de l'acceptation par les consommateurs.
Le nitrite de sodium est responsable de la couleur rouge souhaitable (ou rose nuancé) de la viande.
Très peu de nitrite est nécessaire pour induire ce changement.

Il a été rapporté que le nitrite de sodium n'a besoin que de 2 à 14 parties par million (ppm) pour induire ce changement de couleur souhaitable.
Cependant, pour prolonger la durée de vie de ce changement de couleur, des niveaux nettement plus élevés sont nécessaires.
Le mécanisme responsable de ce changement de couleur est la formation d'agents nitrosylants par le nitrite, qui a la capacité de transférer l'oxyde nitrique qui réagit ensuite avec la myoglobine pour produire la couleur de la viande séchée.

Le goût unique associé à la charcuterie est également affecté par l'ajout de nitrite de sodium.
Cependant, le mécanisme sous-jacent à ce changement de goût n'est pas encore entièrement compris.
En conjonction avec les niveaux de sel et de pH, le nitrite de sodium réduit la capacité des spores de Clostridium botulinum à se développer au point de produire des toxines.

Certains produits de charcuterie à sec sont fabriqués sans nitrites.
Par exemple, le jambon de Parme, produit sans nitrite depuis 1993, n'aurait causé aucun cas de botulisme en 2018.
Le nitrite de sodium s'est révélé plus ou moins efficace pour contrôler la croissance d'autres micro-organismes responsables de la détérioration ou de maladies.

Bien que les mécanismes inhibiteurs ne soient pas bien connus, son efficacité dépend de plusieurs facteurs, notamment le taux de nitrites résiduels, le pH, la concentration en sel, les réducteurs présents et la teneur en fer.
Le type de bactérie affecte également l'efficacité du nitrite de sodium.
Il est généralement admis que le nitrite de sodium n'est pas efficace pour lutter contre les agents pathogènes entériques à Gram négatif tels que Salmonella et Escherichia coli.

D'autres additifs alimentaires (tels que le lactate et le sorbate) offrent une protection similaire contre les bactéries, mais ne fournissent pas la couleur rose souhaitée.
Les nitrites ne sont pas naturellement présents dans les légumes en quantités significatives. L'ébullition des légumes n'a pas d'effet sur les niveaux de nitrites.
La présence de nitrite dans les tissus animaux est une conséquence du métabolisme de l'oxyde nitrique, un neurotransmetteur important.

L'oxyde nitrique peut être créé de novo à partir d'oxyde nitrique synthase à l'aide d'arginine ou à partir de nitrite ingéré.
En synthèse organique, le nitrite de sodium 15N enrichi en isotopes peut être utilisé à la place du nitrite de sodium normal, car leur réactivité est presque identique dans la plupart des réactions.
Les produits obtenus contiennent l'isotope 15N et la RMN de l'azote peut donc être réalisée efficacement.

Le nitrite de sodium a gagné en attractivité grâce aux forums de suicide en ligne.
Ces forums partagent des informations sur la façon d'obtenir du nitrite de sodium et même des instructions étape par étape sur la façon de l'utiliser pour le suicide. Les centres antipoison locaux ont des dossiers qui indiquent explicitement que les patients ont fait des recherches sur cette méthode de suicide dans un blog ou un forum en ligne.
Les dossiers montrent également que la moitié de ces patients ont obtenu du nitrite de sodium en ligne.

Le nitrite de sodium est un composé inorganique.
Le nitrite de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche à légèrement jaunâtre qui est très soluble dans l'eau.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme conservateur alimentaire et antidote à l'empoisonnement au cyanure.

Le nitrite de sodium porte un nom similaire et est utilisé pour le nitrate de sodium.
Les deux sont des conservateurs utilisés dans les viandes transformées, telles que le salami, les hot-dogs et le bacon.
Le nitrite de sodium est un puissant agent oxydant qui est utilisé comme conservateur en raison de sa capacité à empêcher les bactéries de coloniser les aliments.

Le nitrite de sodium se compose d'un cation sodium (Na+) et d'un anion nitrite (NO2– ).
Pour écrire la formule du nitrite de sodium, consultez le tableau périodique Le sodium est un élément chimique de symbole Na de numéro atomique 11.
Le sodium est un métal et l'ion nitrate NO2– est un groupe de non-métaux.

Sodium in group I has a 1+ ionic charge (Na+1).
Le nitrite a une charge de 1 (NO2–).
Le nitrite de sodium est un composé inorganique de formule chimique NaNO2.

Dans cette structure, un atome alcalin de sodium est attaché à l'anion nitrite ; selon la structure de Lewis dans cet anion nitrite est plus stable ; Dans cet anion nitrite, une structure hybride à deux résonances est possible.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans le cadre d'un mélange intraveineux avec du thiosulfate de sodium pour traiter l'empoisonnement au cyanure.
Le nitrite de sodium figure sur la liste des médicaments essentiels de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, une liste des médicaments les plus importants nécessaires dans un système de santé de base.

Des recherches sont également en cours pour étudier son applicabilité aux traitements des crises cardiaques, des anévrismes cérébraux, de l'hypertension pulmonaire chez les nourrissons et des infections à Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Le nitrite de sodium et le thiosulfate de sodium injectables sont utilisés ensemble pour traiter l'empoisonnement au cyanure.
L'empoisonnement au cyanure est une maladie potentiellement mortelle qui nécessite des soins médicaux immédiats.

Le nitrite de sodium est plus susceptible de se produire si vous respirez de la fumée provenant d'incendies domestiques et industriels à espace clos, ou si vous avez avalé ou respiré du cyanure (un poison chimique), ou si votre peau est exposée au cyanure.
Le nitrite de sodium est une poudre cristalline blanche à jaunâtre, très soluble dans l'eau, elle est disponible à la fois sous forme solide et en solution.
Le nitrite de sodium est un inhibiteur de corrosion très efficace que l'on trouve dans les circuits en boucle fermée et comme additif dans les lubrifiants industriels.

Le nitrite de sodium est également un réactif chimique utilisé pour fabriquer des produits dans les industries du textile et du caoutchouc.
Dans les aliments, le nitrite de sodium est un sel antimicrobien utilisé dans le processus de salaison d'un certain nombre de viandes, inhibant la croissance des bactéries et empêchant la détérioration.
Le nitrite de sodium contribue également à donner de la couleur aux viandes et à rehausser leur saveur. Communément connu sous le nom d'additif alimentaire numéro E250, il est efficace pour inhiber les bactéries responsables du botulisme dans la viande, le poisson et les légumes transformés.

Production de nitrite de sodium :
Le nitrite de sodium peut être préparé par la décomposition thermique du nitrate de sodium, mais la réduction du nitrate est généralement effectuée en mélangeant des rognures de plomb ou de la limaille de cuivre dans le sel fondu :
NaNO3+ Pb →PbO + NaNO2
Après refroidissement, la masse est extraite avec de l'eau chaude, filtrée et le nitrite de sodium cristallisé après évaporation en petit volume.

Industriellement, le nitrite de sodium est formé par l'action de l'oxyde d'azote (oxyde nitrique) et du dioxyde d'azote ensemble, obtenus par oxydation catalytique de l'ammoniac, sur des solutions d'hydroxyde de sodium ou de carbonate de sodium :
NO+NO2+2OH- →2NO2-+ HO

Nitrite de sodium, solide blanc jaunâtre, soluble, formé (1) par réaction de l'oxyde nitrique plus le dioxyde d'azote et le carbonate ou l'hydroxyde de sodium, puis évaporé, (2) en chauffant le nitrate de sodium et conduire à une température élevée, puis en extrayant la partie soluble (monoxyde de plomb insoluble) avec H2O et en évaporant.
Utilisé comme réactif important (diazotisant) en chimie organique.

La production industrielle de nitrite de sodium suit l'un des deux processus suivants, la réduction des sels de nitrate ou l'oxydation des oxydes d'azote inférieurs.
Une méthode utilise du nitrate de sodium fondu comme sel et du plomb qui est oxydé, tandis qu'une méthode plus moderne utilise de la limaille de ferraille pour réduire le nitrate.
Une méthode plus couramment utilisée consiste à réactionner les oxydes d'azote en solution aqueuse alcaline, avec l'ajout d'un catalyseur.

Les conditions exactes dépendent des oxydes d'azote utilisés et de la nature de l'oxydant, car les conditions doivent être soigneusement contrôlées pour éviter une oxydation excessive de l'atome d'azote.
Le nitrite de sodium a également été produit par réduction des sels de nitrate par exposition à la chaleur, à la lumière, aux rayonnements ionisants, aux métaux, à l'hydrogène et à la réduction électrolytique.

Utilise:
Le nitrite de sodium est un conservateur de viande couramment utilisé, en particulier dans les viandes salées telles que le jambon, les hot-dogs, les saucisses et le bacon.
L'ion nitrite inhibe la croissance des bactéries, en particulier Clostridium botulinum, un organisme qui produit la toxine mortelle du botulisme.
Le nitrite de sodium est également utilisé pour traiter les emballages de viande rouge, comme le bœuf.

Le sang exposé à l'air produit rapidement une couleur brune, mais les acheteurs préfèrent de loin que leurs achats de viande aient l'air rouge vif.
Ainsi, la viande est traitée avec du nitrite de sodium ; L'ion nitrite est réduit en monoxyde d'azote, qui réagit ensuite avec l'hémoglobine pour former un composé rouge vif très stable.
Il est vrai que le nitrite empêchera également la croissance bactérienne dans cette circonstance, mais de nos jours, la viande est conservée à des températures suffisamment basses pour inhiber les bactéries.

Pour persuader les acheteurs de préférer la viande brunâtre plutôt que la viande rouge, il faudra beaucoup de rééducation.
Maintenant que toutes les viandes sont traitées avec du nitrite de sodium, on craint que le processus de cuisson ne fasse réagir l'ion nitrite avec les amines de la viande pour produire des nitrosamines, des composés contenant le groupe fonctionnel -NNO.
Ces composés sont connus pour être cancérigènes. Cependant, tant que les viandes en conserve sont consommées avec modération, on pense généralement que le risque de cancer est minime.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé pour fixer les couleurs des conserves de poisson et de viande.
Le nitrite de sodium est également important (avec le chlorure de sodium) dans le contrôle de la bactérie Clostridium botulinum, qui cause le botulisme.
Les viandes, les jambons, les saucisses, les hot-dogs et le bacon sont généralement conservés de cette façon.

Dans les médicaments, le nitrite de sodium est un vasodilatateur, un relaxant intestinal, un bronchodilatateur et un antidote à l'empoisonnement au cyanure et au sulfure d'hydrogène.
Le nitrite de sodium est produit dans le corps humain par l'action de la salive sur le nitrate de sodium, et est important dans le contrôle des bactéries dans l'estomac, pour prévenir la gastro-entérite.
Le corps produit plus de nitrite de sodium qu'il n'en consomme dans les aliments.

Le nitrite de sodium peut réagir avec les protéines dans l'estomac ou pendant la cuisson, en particulier à haute température (comme la friture du bacon), pour former des N-nitrosamines cancérigènes.
Pour éviter cela, l'acide ascorbique ou l'acide érythorbique est couramment ajouté aux charcuteries.
Fabrication de colorants diazoïques, de composés nitrosés et dans de nombreux autres procédés de fabrication de produits chimiques organiques ; teinture et impression de tissus textiles ; blanchiment du lin, de la soie et du lin.

Le nitrite de sodium est le sel de l'acide nitreux qui fonctionne comme un agent antimicrobien et un conservateur.
Le nitrite de sodium est une poudre granulaire légèrement jaune ou une masse ou des bâtonnets opaques presque blancs.
Le nitrite de sodium est déliquescent dans l'air.

Le nitrite de sodium a une solubilité de 1 g dans 1,5 ml d'eau.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans la salaison de la viande pour la fixation de la couleur et le développement de la saveur.
Le nitrite de sodium est principalement utilisé pour la production industrielle de composés organoazotés.

Le nitrite de sodium est un réactif pour la conversion des amines en composés diazoïques, qui sont des précurseurs clés de nombreux colorants, tels que les colorants diazoïques.
Les composés nitrosés sont produits à partir de nitrites.
Ceux-ci sont utilisés dans l'industrie du caoutchouc.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans une variété d'applications métallurgiques, pour la phosphatation et le détinage.
Le nitrite de sodium est un inhibiteur de corrosion efficace et est utilisé comme additif dans les graisses industrielles, comme solution aqueuse dans les systèmes de refroidissement en boucle fermée et à l'état fondu comme fluide caloporteur.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé pour diverses raisons.

Le nitrite de sodium est un conservateur couramment utilisé dans la charcuterie pour préserver sa durée de conservation.
Le nitrite de sodium peut également être utilisé pour l'entretien automobile, le contrôle des animaux et dans le cadre du traitement des cas graves d'empoisonnement au cyanure.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans les produits suivants : fluides hydrauliques, lubrifiants et graisses, fluides caloporteurs, fluides de travail des métaux et produits antigel.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans les domaines suivants : exploitation minière offshore.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé pour la fabrication de produits chimiques, de produits métalliques, de machines et de véhicules.
Le rejet dans l'environnement de nitrite de sodium peut se produire à partir d'une utilisation industrielle : comme auxiliaire technologique, comme étape intermédiaire dans la fabrication ultérieure d'une autre substance (utilisation d'intermédiaires), de substances dans des systèmes fermés avec un rejet minimal et dans la production d'articles.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé pour accélérer la salaison de la viande, inhiber la germination des spores de Clostridium botulinum et également donner une couleur rose attrayante.
Le nitrite réagit avec la myoglobine de la viande pour provoquer des changements de couleur, se transformant d'abord en nitrosomyoglobine (rouge vif), puis, au chauffage, en nitrosohémochrome (un pigment rose).
Historiquement, le nitrite de sodium a été utilisé pour la conservation de la viande.

Le produit de viande conservé au sel était généralement de couleur gris brunâtre.
Lorsque le nitrite de sodium est ajouté au sel, la viande développe une couleur rouge, puis rose, qui est associée aux charcuteries telles que le jambon, le bacon, les hot-dogs et la bologne.
Au début des années 1900, l'affinage irrégulier était monnaie courante.

Cela a conduit à d'autres recherches sur l'utilisation du nitrite de sodium comme additif dans les aliments, en normalisant la quantité présente dans les aliments pour minimiser la quantité nécessaire tout en maximisant son rôle d'additif alimentaire.
Grâce à cette recherche, il a été constaté que le nitrite de sodium donne du goût et de la couleur à la viande et inhibe l'oxydation des lipides qui conduit au rancissement, avec divers degrés d'efficacité pour contrôler la croissance des micro-organismes pathogènes.

La capacité du nitrite de sodium à résoudre les problèmes mentionnés ci-dessus a conduit à la production de viande avec une durée de conservation prolongée et a amélioré la couleur et le goût souhaitables.
Selon les scientifiques travaillant pour l'industrie de la viande, les nitrites ont amélioré la sécurité alimentaire.
Ce point de vue est contesté à la lumière des effets cancérigènes possibles causés par l'ajout de nitrites à la viande.

Le nitrite porte le numéro E E250.
Le nitrite de potassium (E249) est utilisé de la même manière.
Le nitrite de sodium est approuvé pour une utilisation dans l'UE, aux États-Unis, en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Dans la transformation de la viande, le nitrite de sodium n'est jamais utilisé à l'état pur, mais toujours mélangé avec du sel commun.
Ce mélange est connu sous le nom de sel nitrité, sel de salaison ou sel de salaison nitrité.
En Europe, le sel de salaison nitrité contient entre 99,1 % et 99,5 % de sel commun et entre 0,5 % et 0,9 % de nitrite.

Aux États-Unis, le sel de salaison nitrité est dosé à 6 % et doit être remélangé avec du sel avant utilisation.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme médicament avec le thiosulfate de sodium pour traiter l'empoisonnement au cyanure.
Le nitrite de sodium n'est recommandé que dans les cas graves d'empoisonnement au cyanure.

Chez ceux qui ont à la fois un empoisonnement au cyanure et un empoisonnement au monoxyde de carbone, le thiosulfate de sodium seul est généralement recommandé.
Le nitrite de sodium est administré par injection lente dans une veine.

Les effets secondaires peuvent inclure une pression artérielle basse, des maux de tête, un essoufflement, une perte de conscience et des vomissements.
Une plus grande prudence devrait être prise chez les personnes atteintes d'une maladie cardiaque sous-jacente.
Les taux de méthémoglobine du patient doivent être vérifiés régulièrement pendant le traitement.

Bien qu'il n'y ait pas eu de bonnes études pendant la grossesse, il existe des preuves de dommages potentiels pour le bébé.
On pense que le nitrite de sodium agit en créant de la méthémoglobine qui se lie ensuite au cyanure et l'élimine ainsi des mitochondries.

Le nitrite de sodium est entré dans l'usage médical dans les années 1920 et 1930
Le nitrite de sodium figure sur la liste des médicaments essentiels de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans de nombreuses applications industrielles, à savoir la salaison, la coloration et la conservation de la viande.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé comme réactif en chimie analytique, comme antidote dans l'empoisonnement au cyanure, comme électrolyte dans le broyage électrochimique, comme solution de refroidissement dans les systèmes en boucle fermée et comme additif dans les graisses industrielles.
Le nitrite de sodium trouve une application en tant qu'inhibiteur de corrosion ainsi que dans l'industrie du caoutchouc.
En métallurgie, il est utilisé pour la phosphatation et le détinage.

Le nitrite de sodium agit comme un précurseur des colorants diazoïques, des composés nitroso et de divers composés organiques comme les produits pharmaceutiques.
En tant qu'additif alimentaire, il est utilisé pour prévenir le botulisme.
Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé dans de nombreux processus industriels, dans la salaison, la coloration et la conservation de la viande, ainsi que comme réactif en chimie analytique.

Le nitrite de sodium est utilisé à des fins thérapeutiques comme antidote dans l'empoisonnement au cyanure.
Le composé est toxique et mutagène et réagira in vivo avec les amines secondaires ou tertiaires, produisant ainsi des nitrosamines hautement cancérigènes.

Toxicité:
En raison de la propriété oxydante du nitrite de sodium, l'ingestion de la substance peut induire une méthémoglobinémie aussi rapidement qu'une heure après l'ingestion.
La méthémoglobinémie survient lorsque le fer contenu dans l'hémoglobine est oxydé de son état ferreux (HgbFe2+) à son état ferrique (HgbFe3+).
Lorsque l'hémoglobine est à l'état ferrique, elle est appelée méthémoglobine et elle est incapable d'agir comme un transporteur pour fournir de l'oxygène aux tissus.

Les symptômes de la méthémoglobinémie peuvent inclure une cyanose et une faible SpO2 en l'absence de détresse respiratoire, des étourdissements, une syncope, une dyspnée, de la fatigue, une dépression du SNC, des convulsions, des dysrythmies, une acidose métabolique, un collapsus cardiovasculaire et la mort.
Généralement, les symptômes commencent à apparaître avec des taux de méthémoglobine > 15 %.
Le nitrite de sodium a une demi-vie d'élimination rapportée entre 30 et 45 minutes lorsqu'il est ingéré ou injecté, il n'a donc pas tendance à provoquer une méthémoglobinémie prolongée comme celle observée avec la dapsone.

Les nitrites dans le sang sont très réactifs avec l'hémoglobine et provoquent une méthémoglobinémie.
La capacité de transport d'oxygène de la méthémoglobine est bien inférieure à celle de l'hémoglobine.
L'homme est plus sensible que le rat à cet égard.

Ainsi, les principaux effets toxiques aigus du nitrite de sodium chez les animaux résultent de la méthémoglobinémie.
Les effets toxiques secondaires du nitrite de sodium aigu chez les animaux entraînent une vasodilatation, un relâchement des muscles lisses et une baisse de la pression artérielle.

Danger pour la santé :
L'ingestion (ou l'inhalation de quantités excessives de poussière) provoque une chute rapide de la pression artérielle, des maux de tête persistants et lancinants, des vertiges, des palpitations et des troubles visuels ; la peau devient rougie et moite, plus tard froide et cyanosée ; D'autres symptômes comprennent des nausées, des vomissements, de la diarrhée (parfois), des évanouissements, une méthémoglobinémie.
Le contact avec les yeux provoque une irritation.

Risque dangereux d'incendie et d'explosion lorsqu'il est chauffé à 537 °C (1000 °F) ou en contact avec des matériaux réducteurs ; un agent oxydant puissant.
Cancérogène chez les animaux de laboratoire ; Son utilisation dans la salaison des produits à base de poisson et de viande est limitée à 100 ppm.

Profil d'innocuité :
Poison humain par ingestion.
Poison expérimental par ingestion, inhalation, voies sous-cutanées, intraveineuses et intrapéritonéales.
Effets systémiques humains par ingestion : modifications de l'activité motrice, coma, diminution de la pression artérielle avec augmentation possible du pouls sans chute de la pression artérielle, dlation artériolaire ou veineuse, nausées ou vomissements, et binémie hémoglo-hémoglobinémie.

Effets tératogènes et reproductifs expérimentaux.
Cancérogène douteux avec des données expérimentales néoplastiques tigéniques et tumorigènes.
Données sur les mutations humaines rapportées.

Il peut réagir avec les amines organiques dans le corps pour former des nitrosamines cancérigènes.
Inflammable; un agent oxydant puissant.
Au contact de la matière organique, va s'enflammer par frottement.

Peut exploser lorsqu'il est chauffé à plus de 100O0F ou au contact de cyanures, de sels de NH4', de cellulose, de LI, (K + NH3), de Na2S203.
Incompatible avec les sels d'aminoguanidine, le butadene, l'acide phtalique, l'anhydride phtalique, les réducteurs, l'amide de sodle, le disulfite de sodmm, le thocyanate de sodium, le bois d'urée.
Lorsqu'il est chauffé jusqu'à la décomposition, il émet des fumées toxiques de NOx et de NaaO. Voir aussi NITRITES.

Devenir dans l'environnement :
Le nitrite de sodium est un agent oxydant puissant à haute température et est également un fervent partisan de la combustion.
Il est librement soluble dans l'eau (très soluble dans l'eau (80 %) à 20 °C), et légèrement soluble dans l'éthanol (0,3 %) et le méthanol (0,45 %).
Le coefficient de partage dans l'octanol-eau et le log Poe est égal à -3,7.

La pression de vapeur est de 9,9E-17 hPa (7,44E-17mmHg).
Le nitrite de sodium peut exploser lorsqu'il chauffe à une température supérieure à 530 °C, n'est pas combustible mais favorise la combustion d'autres substances et dégage des fumées (ou des gaz) irritants ou toxiques lors d'un incendie.
De plus, sur la base de la constante estimée de la loi de Henry à 25 °C = 2,06E-07 atm-m3 mol-1 pour le nitrite de sodium, la volatilisation de l'eau et de la surface humide du sol n'est pas plausible.

Le nitrite de sodium se dissocie immédiatement en ions sodium et nitrite dans l'eau.
Des concentrations de nitrate dans l'eau de pluie allant jusqu'à 5 mg l-1 ont été observées dans des zones industrielles.
Dans l'air, la phase vapeur de la noréthistérone peut être dégradée par réaction avec des radicaux hydroxyles produits photochimiquement avec une demi-vie estimée à 1,1 h, tandis que la phase particulaire peut être éliminée par dépôt humide ou sec.

La noréthistérone est probablement sensible à la photolyse par la lumière du soleil en raison de la présence de chromophores qui absorbent à des longueurs d'onde supérieures à 290 nm.
L'hydrolyse de la noréthistérone n'est pas prévue dans des conditions environnementales car elle n'a pas de groupe fonctionnel à hydrolyser.
La photo-oxydation indirecte par les radicaux hydroxylés (1500 000 molécules cm-3) devrait se produire avec une demi-vie estimée à 82,3 jours.

Synonymes:
SODIUM NITRITE
7632-00-0
Acide nitreux, sel de sodium
sodium; nitrite
Nitrite, sodium
Nitrite de sodium
Nitrite de sodium
Nitrite de sodium
Natrum nitrosum
Soude à l'acide nitreux
NaNO2
Nitrite de sodium [USP]
MFCD00011118
CHEMBL93268
INS N° 250
M0KG633D4F
DTXSID0020941
CHEBI :78870
INS-250
NSC-77391 (en anglais seulement)
Nitrite de sodium-18O2 (10% 16O2)
Nitrite de sodium (USP)
DTXCID00941
Caswell n° 782
Dusitan sodny [Tchèque]
Nitrite de sodium [Polonais]
Nitrite de sodium
Nitrite de natrium [allemand]
Nitrito sodico [Espagnol]
Nitrite de sodium [Français]
CCRIS 559
CAS-7632-00-0
HSDB 757 (en anglais seulement)
EINECS 231-555-9
NSC 77391 (en anglais seulement)
UN1500
Code des pesticides chimiques de l'EPA 076204
UNII M0KG633D4F
Sodium Nitrite
nitrite de sodium
Natrii nitris
Nitrite de sodium (TN)
Nitrite de sodium de qualité ACS
CE 231-555-9
NITRITE DE SODIUM [MI]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [FCC]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [HSDB]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [INCI]
NATRUM NITROSUM [HPUS]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [VANDF]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [MART.]
Nitrite de sodium, AR, >=98%
Sodium nitrite, LR, >=98%
NITRITE DE SODIUM [USP-RS]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [OMS-DD]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [OMS-IP]
LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M
HMS3652K08
Acide nitreux, sel de sodium (1 :1)
Nitrite de sodium, étalon analytique
Nitrite de sodium, granulaire, 99,5 %
Nitrite de sodium, qualité oligo-métaux
Tox21_202155
Tox21_300025
Réf. S4074
NITRITE DE SODIUM [LIVRE ORANGE]
NATRII NITRIS [WHO-IP LATIN]
NITRITE DE SODIUM [MONOGRAPHIE EP]
AKOS024427981
NITRITE DE SODIUM [MONOGRAPHIE DE L'USP]
Réf. CCG-266007
NCGC00090737-01
NCGC00090737-02
NCGC00254137-01
NCGC00259704-01
Nitrite de sodium [UN1500] [Oxydant]
Réf. BP-31053
Réf. E250
NITRITE DE SODIUM COMPOSANT NITHIODOTE
Nitrite de sodium, réactif ACS, > = 97,0 %
Nitrite de sodium, p.a., réactif ACS, 99%
FT-0645124
Réf. S0565
COMPOSANT NITRITE DE SODIUM DU NITHIODOTE
Nitrite de sodium, 99,5 %, super fluide
Nitrite de sodium, ReagentPlus(R), >=99,0 %
SW219150-1
Nitrite de sodium, 99,999 % à base de métaux traces
Nitrite de sodium, SAJ première qualité, > = 97,0 %
D05865
Réf. E78844
Nitrite de sodium, > = 99,99 % à base de métaux traces
Nitrite de sodium, qualité spéciale JIS, > = 98,5 %
Sodium nitrite, purum p.a., >=98.0% (RT)
Q339975
Sodium nitrite, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.0% (RT)
Nitrite de sodium, norme de référence de la pharmacopée des États-Unis (USP)
Nitrite de sodium, anhydre, à écoulement libre, Redi-Dri(TM), réactif ACS, >=97%
Sodium nitrite, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99%

SODIUM OCTYL SULFATE; N° CAS : 142-31-4; Nom INCI : SODIUM OCTYL SULFATE; Classification : Sulfate

cas no 143-19-1 cis-9-Octadecenoic acid sodium salt; Oleic acid sodium salt; 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, sodium salt; sodium (9Z)-octadec-9-enoate;

SODIUM OLEOYL SARCOSINATE N° CAS : 14351-62-3 Nom INCI : SODIUM OLEOYL SARCOSINATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 238-312-6

SODIUM OLETH SULFATE N° CAS : 27233-34-7 "Pas terrible" dans toutes les catégories. Nom INCI : SODIUM OLETH SULFATE Classification : Sulfate, Composé éthoxylé Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Agent moussant : Capture des petites bulles d'air ou d'autres gaz dans un petit volume de liquide en modifiant la tension superficielle du liquide Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

E 232; o-phenylphenol sodium salt; SODIUM O-PHENYLPHENATE; Sodium-o-phenylphenate; Sodium-o-phenylphenol; SOPP; N° CAS : 132-27-4 - Orthophénylphénate de sodium; Origine(s) : Synthétique. Nom INCI : SODIUM O-PHENYLPHENATE; Nom chimique : Sodium 2-biphenylate; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-055-6; Additif alimentaire : E232. Classification : Règlementé, Conservateur. Ses fonctions (INCI); Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes; Conservateur : Inhibe le développement des micro-organismes dans les produits cosmétiques.Principaux synonymes; Noms français : (1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-ol, sodium salt; 2-BIPHENYLOL, SODIUM SALT; 2-HYDROXYDIPHENYL SODIUM; 2-HYDROXYDIPHENYL, SODIUM SALT; 2-PHENYL PHENOL, SODIUM SALT; 2-Phényl phénol, sel de soude; o-phenylphenol sodium salt; o-Phénylphénate de sodium; Ortho-phénylphénate de sodium; Phénylphénate de sodium (ortho-); SODIUM 2-BIPHENOLATE; SODIUM 2-BIPHENYLOLATE; SODIUM 2-HYDROXYDIPHENYL; SODIUM 2-PHENYLPHENATE; Sodium o-phenylphenate; Sodium o-phenylphenol; Sodium o-phenylphenolate; SODIUM O-PHENYLPHENOXIDE; SODIUM ORTHO PHENYLPHENATE; SODIUM ORTHO-PHENYLPHENATE; SODIUM SALT OF O-PHENYLPHENOL; Sodium, 2-phényl phénolate de; Sodium, phénylphénate de (ortho-). Noms anglais : o-phenol, sodium salt; Sodium-2-phenylphenolate. Utilisation et sources d'émission: Fabrication de germicides, fabrication de fongicides; 2-phenylphenol, sodium salt ; sodium 2-biphenylate; 2-phenylphenol, sodium salt; Sodium orthophenylphenoxide. Translated names; 2-Bifenilat de sodiu (ro); 2-Bifenilat tas-sodju (mt); 2-Bifenilato de sodio (es); 2-Bifenilato de sódio (pt); 2-bifenilato di sodio (it); 2-bifenylan sodu (pl) ; 2-bifenylát sodný (cs); 2-biphénylate de sodium (fr); 2-fenil-fenol, natrijeva sol (hr); 2-fenilfenol, natrijeva sol (sl); 2-fenilfenol, nátriumsó (hu); 2-fenilfenola nātrija sāls (lv); 2-fenilfenolis, natrio druska (lt); 2-fenilfenolo, sale di sodio (it); 2-fenylfenol, natriumsalt (no); 2-fenylofenolan sodu (pl); 2-Fenyylifenolin natriumsuola (fi); 2-fenüülfenool, naatriumi sool (et); 2-διφαινυλικό νάτριο (el) ; 2-фенилфенол, натриева сол (bg); bifenyl-2-olan sodu (pl); Naatrium-2-bifenülaat (et); Natrijev 2-bifenilat (hr); Natrio 2-bifeniliatas (lt); Natrium 2-biphenylat (de); Natrium-2-bifenylaat (nl) ; Natrium-2-bifenylaatti (fi); natrium-2-bifenylat (no); natrium-2-biphenylat (da); natrium-bifenyl-2-olát (cs); natriumbifenyl-2-yloksid (no); natriumbifenyl-2-yloxide (nl); natriumbiphenyl-2-yloxid (da) ; Nátrium-2-bifenilát (hu); nátrium-2-bifenylát (sk); nátrium-bifenyl-2-olát (sk); Nātrija 2-bifenilāts (lv); o-Phenylphenol (de); orthophénylphénate de sodium (fr); sare de 2-fenilfenol, sodiu (ro); sodio 2-bifenilato (it); sodiu 2-bifenilat (ro); Sodium 2-biphenylate (no); sodná soľ bifenyl-2-olu (sk); óxido de sodio y de bifenil-2-ilo (es); διφαινυλ-2-υλικό νάτριο (el); Натриев 2-бифенилат (bg); CAS names; [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-ol, sodium salt (1:1). IUPAC names: (1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-ol, sodium salt, tetrahydrate; (2-biphenylyloxy)sodium; 2-Phenylphenol Sodium Salt Tetrahydrate; Sodium 2 biphenylate; sodium 2-phenylphenolate; sodium biphenyl-2-olate; sodium;2-phenylphenolate; [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-ol, sodium salt (1:1) [ACD/Index Name]; 132-27-4 [RN]; 205-055-6 [EINECS] ; 2-Biphénylolate de sodium [French] ; Natrium-2-biphenylolat [German] ; natriumbiphenyl-2-olat [German]; o-Phenylphenol sodium; o-Phenylphenol sodium salt; Sodium 2-biphenylolate ; [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Sodium biphenyl-2-olate; sodium o-phenylphenate; sodium o-phenylphenoxide; sodium ortho-phenylphenate; (1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-ol, sodium salt; (1,1'-Biphenyl)-2-ol, sodium salt (1:1); (2-biphenylyloxy)sodium; (2-biphenylyloxy)-Sodium; [1,1'-Biphenyl]-2-ol, sodium salt; [132-27-4]; 2-Bi phenylol, Sodium Salt; 2-Biphenylol sodium salt; 2-Biphenylol, Sodium Salt 2-hydroxybiphenyl sodium salt; 2-Hydroxydiphenyl sodium; 2-Hydroxydiphenyl sodium salt; 2-Hydroxydiphenyl, sodium salt; 2-PHENYL PHENOL SODIUM; 2-phenylphenol sodium ; 2-Phenylphenol Sodium Salt; 2-PHENYLPHENOL, SODIUM SALT; AGN-PC-0H22NM; bactrol; Biphenylol, sodium salt; BR-73024; D.C.S; D.C.S.; dorvicide a; Dowicide; Dowicide A ; Dowicide A & A flakes; Dowicide A Flakes; dowizid; Dowizid A; E232; EINECS 205-055-6; Hydroxydip henyl, sodium salt; Hydroxydiphenyl, sodium salt; MFCD00002209 [MDL number] ; mil-du-rid; Mystox WFA; natriphene; o-Phenyl phenol sodium salt; o-Phenylphenate sodium; o-Phenylphenate, sodium; O-Phenylphenol, na salt; o-Phenylphenol, sodium; o-Phenylphenol, sodium salt; OPP-NA; OPP-sodium; orphenol; Phenylphenol, sodium salt; Preventol ON & ON Extra; Preventol ON extra; preventolon; Preventol-ON; SCHEMBL249962; Sodium (1,1'-biphenyl)-2-olate ; Sodium [1,1`-biphenyl]-2-olate; Sodium [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-olate; Sodium 2-biphenylate; Sodium 2-hydroxydiphenyl; sodium 2-phenylbenzen-1-olate; sodium 2-phenylbenzenolate;Sodium 2-phenylphenate; sodium 2-phenylphenolate; sodium 2-phenylphenoxide; Sodium o-phenylphenol; sodium o-phenylphenolate; Sodium o-phenylphenyolate; Sodium orthophenylphenoxide ; Sodium, (2-biphenylyloxy)-; sodium;2-phenylphenolate; Sodium[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-olate; Sodium-2-biphenylate; Sodium-o-phenylphenate; Sodium-o-phenylphenol; SOPP; stopmold b ; Topane

Sodium Omadine Sodium Omadine is the sodium salt form of pyrithione, a fungistatic and antimicrobial derivative of aspergillic acid. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, Sodium Omadine appears to interfere with membrane transport ultimately leading to a loss of metabolic control. Metalworking fluids are fertile breeding grounds for microorganisms, particularly bacteria and fungi. Their unchecked growth causes fluids to deteriorate and degrades the fluid performance; this in turn causes damage to the work piece, cutting tools and fluid handling systems. Growth of microorganisms in fluids can also affect workers by causing foul odors, skin irritation and allergic reactions. These problems can be reduced or eliminated through the proper use of an antimicrobial agent. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is a proprietary blend based on the antimicrobial active, sodium pyrithione (CAS # 3811-73-2) a fungicidal product with a successful history of use by the metalworking industry. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial exhibits increased efficacy against a wide variety of microorganisms found in metalworking fluid systems. In addition to its anticipated antifungal performance, Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial also exhibits antibacterial efficacy. The improved antimicrobial performance of Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is not a result of combinations with formaldehyde-based condensates, phenols, or isothiazoline-based products. This proprietary product is a blend of sodium pyrithione with a potentiator, and an amine coupler. This versatile antimicrobial blend can eliminate the need for formulating with multiple products. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial provides broad-spectrum antimicrobial control to a variety of metalworking fluid formulations and is suitable for use in both metalworking fluid concentrates and as a post treatment additive. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is registered for use with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA Reg. No. 1258-1238) under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), for use in metalworking, cutting, cooling and lubricating concentrates and end-use fluids. If you are considering another use, please consult with an Arch Chemicals, Inc. representative. It is a violation of Federal law to use an antimicrobial agent in an application for which it does not have EPA registration. Sodium omadine 2000 AnTIMICROBIAL HAS THE FOLLOWInG PRODUCT ATTRIBUTES. Sodium pyrithione, % 10.0 Form Liquid Color Medium yellow Odor Amine pH @ 10% 11-12 Density@25°C 1.12 ADDRESSInG THE BLUE COLOR PROBLEM Metalworking fluids have been known to change color upon the addition of pyrithione-based biocides. This is often referred to as the ‘blue-color problem’. The color change is due to the presence of ionic iron, which combines with pyrithione to form a highly colored, water insoluble compound. Iron can be introduced through raw materials, dilution water, or certain metalworking fluid operations. In the case of metalworking fluid concentrates, while the levels of ionic iron present are usually low, typically in the range of 5-25 ppm (parts per million), addition of sodium pyrithione will discolor the formulation, turning it gray or at times black. One method for addressing this problem is through the use of iron specific sequestering agents, like ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or Arch’s Wayhib RW Chelating Agent. A more chronic problem for pryithione-based biocides is with high-speed cast iron machining operations. Metalworking fluid formulations used in these operations tend to accumulate and maintain high levels of ionic iron, making the use of sodium pyrithione unsuitable. In controlled laboratory tests dilute metalworking fluids known to contain 100-150 ppm of ironic iron did not discolor. In addition, this proprietary new antimicrobial can be used in formulations, which accumulate and maintain high levels of iron, while in use. Additions of Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial to dilute metalworking fluids known to contain ionic iron in the range of 100-150 ppm did not turn blue, and the antimicrobial performance remains intact. AnTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Below is a summary of data obtained using a test designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial in three types of metalworking fluid formulations. The test protocol calls for one hundred milliliters of appropriately diluted fluid (20:1) to be placed into two hundred fifty milliliter Erlenmyer flasks. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is added to each flask at the onset of the experiment. The treatment level used for this experiment was 1000 ppm, product as sold. Flasks are maintained at ambient temperature on an orbital shaker and challenged 3 times a week with a mixed inoculum of bacteria and fungi. RECOMMEnDED USE LEVELS The recommended use level for Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial in metalworking fluid concentrates (typically used at 20:1) is between 2.0-4.0%, product as sold. Post treatment dose levels of 1000-3000 ppm, product as sold, have been shown to be very effective in dilute metalworking fluids. The Following United States EPA Guidelines Should be Followed When Using This Biocide: TO INHIBIT THE GROWTH OF FUNGI AND BACTERIA IN AQUEOUS METALWORKING, CUTTING, COOLING AND LUBRICATING FLUIDS: Add up to 5000 parts per million (0. 5% v/v) of Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial to the diluted fluid (5.0 gals per 1000 gals). When adding fresh diluted fluid to compensate for dragout or other losses, add Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial to makeup fluid according to the above directions. Frequent checks (at least once per week) of the bacterial and fungal population in the system should be made using standard microbiological plate count procedures or any of the commercial "dip-stick" type devices. When the bacterial count reaches 105 and/or the fungal count reaches 102 organisms per milliliter, add additional Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial according to the above directions. The fluid should be checked at least once per day with a refractometer (or other suitable means) to determine if water loss by evaporation has occurred. Make-up water should be added daily to compensate for such losses. The fluid should be monitored at least once per week (depending on the metalworking operation involved) for the following: tramp oil, pH, odor, oil droplet size, and anticorrosion properties. If any of these parameters is outside the specifications established for the system in question, they should be brought up to specifications by the addition of suitable additives or the fluid should be discarded and replaced after cleaning the system. Add Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial to the fresh fluid according to the above directions. Contaminated fluid systems should be cleaned prior to the addition of Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial. Drain the system, clean with a cleaner designed for this purpose, rinse with water, and refill with fresh fluid. Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial may be added to the fluid at the time it is prepared (diluted) or to the reservoir (sump) containing the fluid after it is put into use. If it is added to the reservoir, the fluid should be circulated after addition to ensure mixing. LIGHT STABILITY Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial will gradually degrade when exposed to UV light. Formulations containing Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial should be packaged in brown or opaque containers unless tests have shown that photodegradation is not a problem. PH STABILITY Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is effective over the pH range typical of most metalworking fluids. Below pH 4.5, the sodium salt is in equilibrium with free pyrithione and while pyrithione is microbiologically active, it is very unstable in the presence of light or oxygen. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY Oxidizing agents (such as peroxides and hypohalites) will convert pyrithione first to dipyrithione (2,2'-dithiobis-pyridine-1, 1'- dioxide), which is microbiologically active, and finally to pyrithione sulfinic or sulfonic acid, which are not microbiologically active compounds. SAFETY InFORMATIOn Material Safety Data Sheets containing appropriate health and safety advice on Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial are available from your nearest regional office. PACKAGInG Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial is available from Rochester, NY in 45lb. And 500 lb. Containers and is available from Swords, Republic of Ireland in a 226.8 kg container. To place an order, call our order fulfillment group at 770-805-3301. APPLICATIOn For product application and formulation information please refer to Sodium omadine 2000 Antimicrobial product labeling. Directions for Use of Sodium omadine To inhibit the growth of fungi in aqueous metalworking, cutting, cooling and lubricating fluids: Add up to 1250 ppm (0.125% v/v) of Sodium omadine fungicide to the diluted fluid (1.25 gal per 1000 gal of solution). Typical recommended dose levels are between 200 and 500 ppm, product as sold. Different use and contamination conditions may require different levels of Sodium omadine fungicide and while compatible with most metalworking fluids physical and chemical compatibility testing is recommended. When adding fresh diluted fluid to compensate for dragout or other losses, add Sodium omadine fungicide to make-up fluid according to the above directions. Frequent checks (at least once per week) of the bacterial and fungal population in the system should be made using standard microbiological plate count procedures or any of the commercial “dip-stick” type devices. When the fungal count reaches 102 organisms per milliliter or greater, add additional Sodium omadine fungicide according to the above directions. The fluid should be checked at least once per day with a refractometer (or other suitable means) to determine if water loss by evaporation has occurred. Make-up water should be added daily to compensate for such losses. The fluid should be monitored at least once per week (depending on the metalworking operation involved) for the following: tramp oil, pH, odor, oil droplet size, and anticorrosion properties. If any of these parameters is outside the specifications established for the system in question, they should be brought up to specifications by the addition of suitable additives or the fluid should be discarded and replaced after cleaning the system. Add Sodium omadine fungicide to the fresh fluid according to the above directions. Contaminated fluid systems should be cleaned prior to the addition of Sodium omadine fungicide. Drain the system, clean with a cleaner designed for this purpose, rinse with water, and refill with fresh fluid. Sodium omadine fungicide may be added to the fluid at the time it is prepared (diluted) or to the reservoir (sump) containing the fluid after it is put into use. If it is added to the reservoir, the fluid should be circulated after addition to ensure mixing. To inhibit the growth of fungi in aqueous metalworking, cutting, cooling and lubricating concentrates: Add an amount that will give up to 1250 ppm in the diluted fluid. The amount required in the concentrate will depend on the end use dilution. For example: If the desired level of Sodium omadine fungicide in the diluted fluid is 200 ppm, and the end use dilution of the fluid is 5%, then a 0.4% concentration of Sodium omadine fungicide is required in the concentrate (200 ppm/0.05 = 4,000 ppm or 0.4%). Heat Stability of Sodium omadine Sodium omadine fungicide is stable at 100°C for at least 120 hours. At 150°C, the assay of Sodium omadine fungicide decreases 29% during a 48-hour period. The heat of decomposition, as measured under nitrogen by differential scanning calorimetry, is 158 cal/g for Sodium omadine fungicide. pH Stability of Sodium omadine Sodium omadine fungicide can be used over the pH range from 4.5 to 11.0. Below pH 4.5, the sodium salt is in equilibrium with free pyrithione. Pyrithione is active microbiologically, but is very unstable in the presence of light or oxygen. Light Stability of Sodium omadine Sodium omadine fungicide will gradually degrade when exposed to light, depending on the nature of the formulation. Formulations containing Sodium omadine fungicide should be packaged in brown or opaque containers unless tests have shown that photodegradation is not a problem. Sodium omadine Fungicide is a highly active, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that, when used at recommended concentrations, can help to prevent and minimize problems associated with fungal contamination. Sodium omadine is the 40% aqueous sodium salt derivative of pyrithione. Sodium Omadine functions as a wet-state preservative against bacteria and fungus in latex paints. Sodium Omadine is a highly active, very effective water soluble sodium pyrithione. Offers pronounced growth-inhibiting activity against both yeasts and molds. Sodium Omadine possesses non-irritating and non-sensitizing properties. Chemical Properties Clear solution Uses For chemistry of 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide, see Aldrichimica Acta.1 Uses sodium pyrithione is a preservative that is not commonly used because of some level of toxicity. It is prohibited in Canada, and it is on the eu Annex II list of substances that must not form part of a cosmetic product composition. Uses Sodium omadine is a bactericide for use in cooling fluids and short-term in-can preservation of vinyl acetate latex, paints, and synthetic-fiber lubricants; preservative for cosmetic rinse-off products. Definition Apparently exists in equilibrium with the -SH form. Forms chelates with iron, manganese, zinc, etc. brand name Sodium Omadine (Olin). Safety Profile Poison by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous and parenteral routes. Used in preservation of cosmetics. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Na2O, NOx, and SOx. See also MERCAPTANS. Sodium omadine is the sodium salt form of pyrithione, a fungistatic and antimicrobial derivative of aspergillic acid. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, Sodium omadine appears to interfere with membrane transport ultimately leading to a loss of metabolic control. Sodium omadine is the common name of an organosulfur compound with molecular formula C5H5NOS, chosen as an abbreviation of pyridinethione, and found in the Persian shallot. It exists as a pair of tautomers, the major form being the thione 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione and the minor form being the thiol 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide; it crystallises in the thione form.[5] It is usually prepared from either 2-bromopyridine,[1] 2-chloropyridine, or 2-chloropyridine N-oxide,[8] and is commercially available as both the neutral compound and its sodium salt.[1] It is used to prepare zinc Sodium omadine, which is used primarily to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis in medicated shampoos, though is also an anti-fouling agent in paints. Preparation The preparation of Sodium omadine was first reported in 1950[13] by Shaw[14] and was prepared by reaction of 2-chloropyridine N-oxide with sodium hydrosulfide followed by acidification,[8] or more recently with sodium sulfide.[15] 2-chloropyridine N-oxide itself can be prepared from 2-chloropyridine using peracetic acid.[16] Another approach involves treating the same starting N-oxide with thiourea to afford pyridyl-2-isothiouronium chloride N-oxide which undergoes base hydrolysis to Sodium omadine.[1][17] 2-Bromopyridine can be oxidised to its N-oxide using a suitable peracid (as per 2-chloropyridine), both approaches being analogous to that reported in Organic Syntheses for the oxidation of pyridine to its N-oxide. A substitution reaction using either sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) or sodium sulfide with sodium hydroxide will allow the replacement of the bromo substituent with a thiol functional group. The alternative strategy is to form the mercaptan before introducing the N-oxide moiety. 2-Mercaptopyridine was originally synthesized in 1931 by heating 2-chloropyridine with calcium hydrosulfide,[6] an approach similar that first used to prepare Sodium omadine.[8] The analogous thiourea approach via a uronium salt was reported in 1958 and provides a more convenient route to 2-mercaptopyridine.[7] Oxidation to the N-oxide can then be undertaken. The disulfide diSodium omadine, 2,2'-dithiobis(pyridine-N-oxide) Sodium omadine is found as a natural product in the Allium stipitatum plant, an Asian species of onion, also known as the Persian shallot.[4] Its presence was detected using positive ion mass spectrometry using a DART ion source[19] and the disulfide diSodium omadine [de] (2,2'-disulfanediylbis(pyridine)-1,1'-dioxide) has been reported from the same species.[20] DiSodium omadine can be prepared in a laboratory by oxidation of Sodium omadine with chlorine in the presence of sodium hydroxide: 2 C5H4NOSH + Cl2 + 2 NaOH → ONC5H4–S–S–C5H4NO + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O DiSodium omadine is used as a fungicide and bactericide,[8] and has been reported to possess novel cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis.[21] Properties Tautomerisation of the sodium salt of Sodium omadine (thione form on the left, thiolate form on the right) Sodium omadine exists as a pair of prototropes, a form of tautomerism whereby the rapid interconversion of constitutional isomers involves the shift of a single proton, in this case between the sulfur and oxygen atoms (shown in the infobox above). Salts of the conjugate base of Sodium omadine can also be considered to exhibit tautomerism by notionally associating the sodium ion with whichever heteroatom bears the negative charge of the anion (as opposed to the formal charges associated with the N-oxide); however, considering the anion alone, this could also be described as an example of resonance. Sodium omadine is a weak acid with pKa values of −1.95 and +4.6 (thiol proton), but is a markedly stronger acid than either of its parent compounds (pyridine-N-oxide and pyridine-2-thiol), both of which have pKa > 8.[22] It is only slightly soluble in water (2.5 g L−1) but is soluble in many organic solvents (including benzene, chloroform, dichloromethane, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethyl acetate) and slight solubility in others (diethyl ether, ethanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and tetrahydrofuran). Sodium omadine can be used as a source of hydroxyl radical in organic synthesis as it photochemically decomposes to HO• and (pyridin-2-yl)sulfanyl radical. Applications Structures of 1:2 complexes of zinc and the conjugate base of Sodium omadine Top: Structural formula of the monomer Bottom: Ball-and-stick model of the dimer The conjugate base of Sodium omadine (pyrithionate ion) is an anion containing two donor atoms, a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom each bearing a negative formal charge; the nitrogen atom remains formally positively charged. The thiolate anion can be formed by reaction with sodium carbonate, and zinc Sodium omadine is formed when zinc chloride is added.[10] The anion can act as either a monodentate or bidentate ligand and forms a 1:2 complex with a zinc(II) metal centre. Zinc Sodium omadine has been used since the 1930s though its preparation was not disclosed until a 1955 British patent[13] in which Sodium omadine was reacted directly with hydrated zinc sulfate in ethanol.[9] In its monomeric form, zinc Sodium omadine has two of the anions chelated to a zinc centre with a tetrahedral geometry. In the solid state, it forms a dimer in which each zinc centre adopts a trigonal bipyramidal geometry with two of the anions acting as bridging ligands coordinated through the oxygen atoms in the axial positions.[26] In solution, the dimers dissociate via scission of zinc-oxygen bonds to each bridging ligand. Further dissociation of the monomer into its constituents can occur and is undesirable as the complex is more potent in medical applications; for this reason, zinc carbonate can be added to formulations as it inhibits the monomer dissociation. Zinc Sodium omadine has a long history of use in medicated shampoos to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis (dandruff can be considered a mild form of seborrheic dermatitis). It exhibits both antifungal and antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the Malassezia yeasts which promote these scalp conditions. The mechanisms by which this work are the subject of ongoing study. It can be used as an antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus infections for conditions such as athlete's foot, eczema, psoriasis, and ringworm. It is known to be cytotoxic against Pityrosporum ovale, especially in combination with ketoconazole, which is the preferred formulation for seborrheic dermatitis.[11] Sodium omadine itself inhibits membrane transport processes in fungi. Paints used in external environments sometimes include zinc Sodium omadine as a preventive against algae and mildew. Sodium omadine zinc is an antibacterial and antifungal agent developed by scientists in the 1930's. Since then it has been used to treat seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp and other skin conditions such as eczema, athlete's foot, and vitiligo, as well as psoriasis. Because of its antifungal properties, it is commonly found in dandruff shampoo. Products containing Sodium omadine zinc are available today with and without prescription, and it is the main ingredient in many over-the-counter creams, lotions, soaps, and shampoos. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera. Sodium omadine zinc`s other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea, and vitiligo. Its antifungal effect is thought to derive from its ability to disrupt membrane transport by blocking the proton pump that energizes the transport mechanism. Stability: At room temperature in the dark, Sodium omadine is stable in the pH range 4.5 to 9.5. At 100°C it is stable for at least 120 hours, at 150°C 29 % of the substance has decomposed within 48 hours. In the light or in contact with weak oxidizing agents Sodium omadine is converted to the disulfide, 2,2-pyridyl-N-oxide disulfide. With stronger oxidizing agents or in alkaline solution (pH > 9.5) the substance is converted via a number of intermediates to the sulfonic acid; the reaction with reducing agents yields thiopyridine (Olin Corporation 1989f). Independent of the exposure route, Sodium omadine is of low toxicity. The typical symptom of intoxication in rats, mice and rabbits given single or multiple doses of the substance is reversible paralysis of the rear extremities. This effect is not seen in monkeys or dogs. In both these species effects on the pupillary reflex and photophobia were observed. Irreversible eye damage, however, has been seen only in species which have a tapetum lucidum, for example, the dog. Sodium omadine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the intact skin. The substance is excreted rapidly in the form of urinary metabolites. Applied to rabbits, the substance causes slight irritation of the skin and eyes. Brief contact with aqueous solutions containing less than 1 % Sodium omadine produced no effects in animals or man; sensitization could not be demonstrated. Reproductive toxicity is not observed, either after dermal application to rats or rabbits or after oral administration to rats. Embryotoxicity develops in rats but not in rabbits after maternally toxic doses of Sodium omadine. Genotoxic effects of Sodium omadine could not be demonstrated in the Salmonella mutagenicity test, in the HPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) test or in the test for DNA repair in rat hepatocytes. However, because the substance is cytotoxic, only low concentrations could be tested. Negative results were also obtained in vivo in the micronucleus test. Sodium omadine is not carcinogenic either after dermal application to mice or after oral administration to rats. There are no reports of toxic effects of single exposures of persons to Sodium omadine. Reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Sodium omadine in man have not been described. Sodium omadine zinc, or zinc Sodium omadine or zinc pyridinethione, is a coordination complex consisted of Sodium omadine ligands chelated to zinc (2+) ions via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, it exists as a centrosymmetric dimer. Due to its dynamic fungistatic and bacteriostatic properties, Sodium omadine zinc is used to treat dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. Dandruff is a common scalp disease affecting >40% of the world's adult population, and may be caused by fungi such as Malassezia globosa and M. restricta 3. Sodium omadine zinc is commonly found as an active ingredient in OTC antidandruff topical treatments such as shampoos. It mediates its action by increasing the cellular levels of copper, and damaging iron-sulfur clusters of proteins essential for fungal metabolism and growth 1. Due to low solubility, Sodium omadine zinc released from the topical formulations is deposited and retained relatively well onto the target skin surfaces 2. Other uses of Sodium omadine zinc include additive in antifouling outdoor paints and algaecide. While its use has been approved in the early 1960's by the FDA 4, safety and effectiveness of Sodium omadine zinc has been reported for decades. It is not shown to have any significant estrogenic activity according to the in vivo and in vitro assays 4. Photodegradation in water A study of the photolysis rate of sodium omadine has been carried out. In a GLP study conducted according to US guideline US FDA Technical Assistance Document, Guideline 3.10 Photodegradation. 1987.) (5.1.3.001, EZPTF 7011-121) at a concentration of 10 mg/L, DT50for photolysis were determined to be <10 minutes at pH 5 and 7 and <15 minutes at pH 9. Degradants were not identified in this study. A further study of the aqueous photolysis rate of Sodium omadine has also been conducted (refer to Table 5.1.2). Study (5.1.3.003, EZPTF 7011-123) was conducted to determine the influence of concentration on photolysis rates. Photolysis was done in deionized water with zinc Sodium omadine concentrations of 0.1-1 μg/L, which are much closer to predicted environmental concentrations than those of the other two studies. Exposure to natural sunlight (42° N latitude) was done in quartz tubes at noon during the months of July through October. ZnPT was shown to have considerable absorptivity in the range of 290-400 nm, where photoactive solar radiation is available and photolysis in natural sunlight was very rapid. Measured photolysis half-lives ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 minutes in deionized water. Simultaneous exposure of the actinometer (o‑nitrobenzaldehyde) solutions allowed the calculation of photolysis disappearance quantum yields. Reproducibility at the very low concentrations used in this study required that several exposure experiments be run for each test compound and the results averaged. The quantum yield for ZnPT at 3.15 x 10-9M and 3.15 x 10-10M was 0.17 ± 0.06 (n = 4). This study also demonstrated that three metallic complexes of Sodium omadine (Zinc, Copper and Sodium) all exhibited the same photolysis rate at environmentally relevant concentrations. Photodegradation in air This point is regarded not to be relevant because: - the vapour pressure of NaPT is very low, resulting in negligible exposure to the atmosphere. - the calculation according to the Atkinson calculation method (5.1.1.001, ESPTF 7031-001) indicates a short half-life (53.8 hours) of sodium Sodium omadine in the atmosphere. Summary of degradation - Sodium Sodium omadine is hydrolytically stable. - Sodium Sodium omadine passes the ready biodegradability test according to OECD 301B and biodegradation is rapid in soil, water-sediment, and STP. The degradation profile is well identified passing through several transient degradants to a final somewhat persistent degradant 2‑pyridine sulphonic acid (PSA). - Photolysis is extremely rapid—again leading to the final somewhat persistent degradant 2‑pyridine sulphonic acid (PSA). - The final degradant, PSA, passes the ready biodegradability test according to OECD 301B. Sodium omadine is a fungistatic and antimicrobial derivative of aspergillic acid. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, Sodium omadine appears to interfere with membrane transport ultimately leading to a loss of metabolic control. Absorption Following oral ingestion, only the Sodium omadine moiety is absorbed. Less than 1% of administered zinc Sodium omadine is absorbed from the skin [L1758]. Radioabeled Zn Sodium omadine administered to rats, rabbits and monkeys, either orally or via intraperitoneal injection were absorbed into circulatin to extent of 80-90% [L1758].Inhibition of fungal growth by Sodium omadine zinc is linked to increased copper uptake and cellular levels of copper, which is demonstrated by decreased CTR1-lacZ expression and slightly increased CUP1-lacZ expression in affected microorganisms [A32162]. The coordination complex of Sodium omadine zinc dissociates, and Sodium omadine ligand forms a CuPT complex from available extracellular copper in the target organism. Sodium omadine acts as an ionophore, interacting nonspecifically with the plasma membrane to shuttle copper into the cell, and facilitates copper transport across intracellular membranes [A32162]. Copper may be shuttled into the mitochondria. Copper inactivates iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster-containing proteins via a mechanism similar to that described for copper-induced growth inhibition in bacteria [A32162]. Decreased activity of Fe-S proteins leads to inhibition of fungal metabolism and fungal growth. Sodium omadine zinc has been shown to slightly increase the levels of zinc [A32162]. Sodium omadine (or pyrithione zinc) is a coordination complex of zinc. It has fungistatic (that is, it inhibits the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (inhibits bacterial cell division) properties and is used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Structure of the compound The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, Sodium omadine exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure), where each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers.[3] In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn-O bond. This compound was first described in the 1930s. Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (CAS# 1121-31-9), a derivative of pyridine-N-oxide. Uses Medical Sodium omadine can be used to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis.[medical citation needed] It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera.[medical citation needed] Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea versicolor,[5] and vitiligo. In paint Due to its low solubility in water (8 ppm at neutral pH), Sodium omadine is suitable for use in outdoor paints and other products that provide protection against mildew and algae. It is an effective algaecide. It is chemically incompatible with paints relying on metal carboxylate curing agents. When used in latex paints with water containing high amount of iron, a sequestering agent that will preferentially bind the iron ions is needed. Its decomposition by ultraviolet light is slow, providing years of protection even against direct sunlight. In sponges Sodium omadine is also used as an antibacterial treatment for household sponges, most notably by the 3M Corporation.[6] In clothing A process to apply Sodium omadine to cotton with washable results was patented in the United States in 1984.[7] Sodium omadine is now used to prevent microbe growth in polyester.[8] Textiles with applied Sodium omadine protect against odor-causing microorganisms. Export of antimicrobial textiles reached US$497.4 million in 2015. Mechanism of action Its antifungal effect is thought to derive from its ability to disrupt membrane transport by blocking the proton pump that energizes the transport mechanism. Health effects Sodium omadine is approved for over-the-counter topical use in the United States as a tr

SODIUM OXYMETHYLENE SULFOXYLATE N° CAS : 149-44-0 Nom INCI : SODIUM OXYMETHYLENE SULFOXYLATE Nom chimique : Sodium hydroxymethanesulphinate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 205-739-4 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent réducteur : Modifie la nature chimique d'une autre substance en ajoutant de l'hydrogène ou en éliminant l'oxygène

SODIUM PALMITATE N° CAS : 408-35-5 Origine(s) : Végétale, Synthétique Nom INCI : SODIUM PALMITATE N° EINECS/ELINCS : 206-988-1 Classification : Huile de Palme (Dérivé) Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Agent émulsifiant : Favorise la formation de mélanges intimes entre des liquides non miscibles en modifiant la tension interfaciale (eau et huile) Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation Agent de contrôle de la viscosité : Augmente ou diminue la viscosité des cosmétiques

SODIUM PALMITOYL SARCOSINATE N° CAS : 4028-10-8 Nom INCI : SODIUM PALMITOYL SARCOSINATE Nom chimique : Sodium N-methyl-N-(1-oxohexadecyl)aminoacetate N° EINECS/ELINCS : 223-705-7 Ses fonctions (INCI) Agent nettoyant : Aide à garder une surface propre Conditionneur capillaire : Laisse les cheveux faciles à coiffer, souples, doux et brillants et / ou confèrent volume, légèreté et brillance Tensioactif : Réduit la tension superficielle des cosmétiques et contribue à la répartition uniforme du produit lors de son utilisation

SODIUM P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL; N° CAS : 15733-22-9; Nom INCI : SODIUM P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL; Nom chimique : 3-Methyl-4-Chlorophenol, Sodium salt; N° EINECS/ELINCS : 239-825-8; Ses fonctions (INCI); Antimicrobien : Aide à ralentir la croissance de micro-organismes sur la peau et s'oppose au développement des microbes; Noms français : SODIUM-4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOLATE; Noms anglais : P-CHLORO-M-CRESOL, SODIUM SALT; PHENOL, 4-CHLORO-3-METHYL-, SODIUM SALT; SODIUM 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOXIDE; SODIUM-4-CHLORO-M-CRESOLATE; Naatrium-p-kloro-m-kresolaat (et); Natrijev p-kloro-m-krezolat (hr); Natrio p-chlor-m-krezoliatas (lt); Natrium p-chlor-m-kresolat (de); natrium-4-chlor-3-methylfenolát (cs) ; Natrium-p-chloor-m-kresolaat (nl); natrium-p-chlor-m-cresolat (da); Natrium-p-kloori-m-kresolaatti (fi); Natrium-p-kloro-m-kresolat (sv); nátrium-4-chlór-3-metylfenolát (sk); Nátrium-p-klór-m-krezolát (hu); Nātrija p-hlor-m-krezolāts (lv); p-chloro-m-crésolate de sodium (fr); P-chloro-m-krezolan sodu (pl); p-Cloro-m-cresolato de sodio (es); p-Cloro-m-cresolato de sódio (pt); p-cloro-m-cresoloato di sodio (it); p-cloro-m-crezolat de sodiu (ro); P-Kloro-m-kresolat tas-sodju (mt); Sodium p-chloro-m-cresolate (no); π-χλωρο-μ-κρεσολικό νάτριο (el); Натриев p-хлоро-m-крезолат (bg). IUPAC names : sodium 4-chloro-3-methylbenzen-1-olate; sodium 4-chloro-3-methylphenolate; 15733-22-9 [RN]; 239-825-8 [EINECS]; 2-chloro-5-hydroxytoluene sodium salt; 4-Chloro-3-méthylphénolate de sodium [French] ; MFCD00053303; Natrium-4-chlor-3-methylphenolat [German] ; Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1) ; SODIUM 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLBENZENOLATE; Sodium 4-chloro-3-methylphenolate; Sodium p-chloro-m-cresol; [15733-22-9]; 2-CHLORO-5-HYDROXYTOLUENESODIUMSALT; 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol, sodium salt; 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLPHENOL SODIUM SALT; EINECS 239-825-8; p-Chloro-m-cresol sodium salt; p-Chloro-m-cresol, sodium salt; Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-, sodium salt; Phenol,4-chloro-3-methyl-, sodium salt (1:1); SODIUM 4-CHLORO-3-METHYLBENZEN-1-OLATE; sodium 4-chloro-3-methyl-phenolate; Sodium 4-chloro-3-methylphenoxide; Sodium 4-chloro-m-cresolate; sodium p-chloro-m-cresolate

SODIUM PCA Please consult your doctor or pharmacist or read the package insert. Cite this page APA Style Citation Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane - Uses, Side-Effects, Reviews, and Precautions - MLA Style Citation "Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane - Chicago Style Citation "Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane - Related Links Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane for skin conditioning Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane for hair conditioning More about Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Uses Comments Consumer Survey - Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane The following are the results of an ongoing survey on TabletWise.com for Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane. These results only show the perceptions of the users of this website. Please make your medical decisions based on the advice of a doctor or a specialist. Uses, Efficiency and Side Effects The following are information on the usage, perceived efficiency and frequency of side effects offered by site visitors for Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane: Overdose of Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Do not use more than prescribed dose. Consuming more of the drug will not improve your symptoms; on the contrary, it can cause poisoning or serious side effects. If you suspect that you or a relative has used an overdose of Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane, please visit your nearest hospital emergency department. To help doctors, bring necessary information such as a medicine box, bottle, or label. Do not give your medication to someone else, even if you know they have the same condition or they seem to have similar conditions. This can cause an overdose. For more information, consult your pharmacist or check the package insert. Storage of Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Store medicines at room temperature, away from heat and light. Do not freeze medicines unless it is written on the package insert. Keep medicines out of the reach of children and pets. Do not pour medicines into the toilet or sink unless you are told to do so in the package insert. Drugs disposed in this way can pollute the nature. Please consult your pharmacist or doctor for more details on how to safely discard Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane. Expired Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Taking a single dose of expired Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane is likely to cause an adverse event. Consult your family doctor or pharmacist for appropriate advice or if you feel unwell. Expired drugs will not be effective in treating conditions on your prescription. In order to stay safe, it is very important not to use expired medications. If you have a chronic illness that requires constant medication, such as heart disease, seizures, and life-threatening allergies, it is even more important to stay in touch with your GP so that you can replace expired medications immediately. Dosage Information Is this drug or product addictive or addictive? Many drugs are not marketed as addictive or abusive. Often ministries categorize drugs into controlled and non-addictive drugs. For example, this classification is H and X in India and II and V in the USA. Please check the box to make sure the drug belongs to such a special classification. Finally, do not try to self-medicate and increase your body's dependence without the advice of a doctor. Can I stop using this product immediately or do I get rid of it gradually? Some drugs should be tapered or their use should not be stopped suddenly to avoid withdrawal effects. Consult your doctor for recommendations specific to your body and health condition and other medications you can use. Other important information on Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Forgetting to take a dose If you forget to take a dose, use it immediately. If your next dose is too close to your time, stop taking the missed dose and stick to your dosing schedule. Do not take extra doses to treat the missed dose. If you regularly forget your doses, set an alarm or ask a family member to remind you. Please consult your doctor to make changes to your dosing schedule or to make up for missed doses if you have recently forgotten too many doses. Before using this medicine, you should inform your doctor about the medicines you are currently using, the medicines you are using without a prescription (e.g. vitamins, herbal supplements, etc.), allergies, your past illnesses and your current health condition (e.g. pregnancy, upcoming surgery, etc.) inform. Certain health conditions can make you more susceptible to the side effects of the medication. Take the steps as directed by your doctor or consider what is written on the product. The dosage depends on your condition. If your condition persists or worsens, notify your doctor. Key issues to consult are listed below. Planning to get pregnant, pregnant or breastfeeding Please consult your doctor or pharmacist or refer to the package insert for this information. Hypersensitivity to Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane is a contraindication. In addition, Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane should not be used if you have the following conditions: Hypersensitivity Frequently Asked Questions Is it safe to drive or use heavy machinery while using this product? If you experience side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, hypotension (low blood pressure) or headache while using Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane, it may not be safe to drive and / or use a construction machine. If the medication used causes drowsiness, dizziness or lowers your blood pressure, you should not drive. In addition, pharmacists advise patients not to drink alcohol with the drug, as alcohol intensifies side effects such as drowsiness. Please check for these effects on your body when using Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane. Always consult your doctor for advice specific to your body and health condition. Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Medicine Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane Overview Uses Side effects Precautions Interactions Contraindications Overview Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane combination is used for Skin conditioning, Hair conditioning and other conditions. Detailed information on the use of Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane product, side effects, product comments, questions, interactions and precautions are as follows: uses Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane is used for the treatment, control, prevention, & improvement of the following diseases, conditions and symptoms: Skin conditioning Hair softening Further information: Uses Side effects The following is a list of possible side-effects that may occur in medicines that contain Sodium Pca / Cyclopentasiloxane. This is not an exhaustive list. These side effects are likely to occur, but do not always occur. Some of the side effects are rare but can be very serious. Be sure to consult your doctor if you observe any of the following side effects, especially those that do not go away even if you expect them to. Skin irritation Hives If you notice any side effects other than those listed below, consult your doctor for medical advice. You can also report side effects to your nearest health department official. Measures Limnanthes Alba (Meadowfoam) Seed Oil, Rosa Damascena Flower Water, Beeswax (Cera Alba), Pentylene Glycol, Corylus Avellana (Hazel) Seed Oil, Ormenis Multicaulis Flower Wax, Sodium PCA Carbonate Decahydrate, Limonene, Citrus Medica Lemonum (Lemon) Peel Oil, Osmanthus Fragrans Flower Extract, Anthemis Nobilis Flower Oil, Tocopherol, Citronellol, Geraniol, Citral. If you have oily skin, avoid the first line items in their products being oil. In this case, make sure that the moisturizing agents are glycerin, sodium PCA, hyaluronic acid or sodium PCA hyaluronate. Amino acid cocktail: It contains Sodium PCA and 8 types of amino acids found in the skin's own structure. It is very effective in the care of mature skin. It helps the skin to be nourished and restructured. Bifida Ferment Lysate: It is an antiaging active with proven effectiveness. It prevents the damage of UV light on DNA. It helps to repair wrinkles by helping to repair DNA. 50ml Content: Sodium PCA: Protects against dryness by allowing the skin to retain more moisture. It is a natural and important moisturizing agent that is also found in the skin structure. Content: Amino acid cocktail: It contains Sodium PCA and 8 types of amino acids found in the skin's own structure. It is very effective in the care of mature skin. It helps the skin to be nourished and restructured. Glycine Soybean Seed Extract: Increases the strength of the skin with protein, glycoprotein and polysaccharides obtained from soy, renews the skin and revitalizes the skin cells. It helps prevent premature aging effects caused by UV rays and DNA damage on the skin. UVA / UVB Protection Factor: It contains a protection factor of 15 SPF. 50ml Hyaluronic acid, one of the most effective moisture retainers, has a water holding capacity of 1000 times its own weight. It has a tightening effect. It increases the elasticity of the skin. It ensures the transmission of moisture to all cells in the skin. Provides moisturization for a long time on the skin. These products, which plump the skin and provide moisture for a long time, are suitable for day and night use. It also ensures that the skin is smooth and even toned. Active Ingredients / Active Ingredients Sodium PCA, Sodium hyaluronate, Panthenol 10 x 2 ml Sodium PCA Messages Overview(active tab) Safety Resources What Is It? In cosmetics and personal care products, Sodium PCA (pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid) is used mostly in the formulation of hair conditioners and moisturizers. The sodium PCA salt of Sodium PCA, Sodium PCA, can be found in these products, as well as in shampoos, hair sprays, permanent waves, skin fresheners and other hair and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? Sodium PCA and Sodium PCA increase the water content of the top layers of the skin by drawing moisture from the surrounding air. They also enhance the appearance and feel of hair, by increasing hair body, suppleness, or sheen, or by improving the texture of hair that has been damaged physically or by chemical treatment. Abstract Sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid is the sodium PCA salts of 2 pyrrolidone 5 carboxylate, It is one of the major Natural Moisturing factor (NMF) found in human skin. It is documented that sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (Na- Sodium PCA) is used in hair care & skin care products with great effectivity as it is water extracting skin component. As Na- Sodium PCA is the Natural Moisturizing Agent, it gives suppleness, humectancy & moisturizing property. It is being water soluble, therefore an oil in water (O/W) cream base decided to develop. Three formulae were developed in laboratory incorporating 2.5% & 5% of Na- Sodium PCA &7.5% glycerine. Three cream prepared were further studied for its stability with reference to effect of temp. i.e. at Room Temp.-24-28°c,at oven 50°c, & at refrigerator 90°c, change in colour, odour, pH, globules size & viscosity. It was further decided to study the performance evaluation. Details Sodium PCA stands for Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid and though it might not sound like it, it is a thing that can be found naturally in our skin. The sodium PCA salt form of Sodium PCA is an important skin-identical ingredient and great natural moisturizer that helps the skin to hold onto water and stay nicely hydrated. Description: Sodium PCA is the sodium PCA salt of pyroglutamic acid which is an uncommon amino acid found naturally in many proteins. Concentration: 50% (dissolved in water). GMO-free, gluten-free. Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid, soluble in water, pH 6.8-7.4. CAS: 28874-51-3 INCI Name: Sodium PCA (sodium L-pyroglutamate) Benefits: Occurs naturally in human skin and is responsible for binding moisture to the cells Highly water-absorbent, holding several time its weight in water, which makes it an excellent humectant Well-know as skin-penetration enhancer Stronger hydrating agent than the traditional compounds like glycerin or propylene glycol Good for hair care as it reduces static electricity. Use: Add as is to the water phase of the formulas, typical use level 1 - 10% in emulsions. For external use only. Applications: All kinds of skin care products such as creams, gels, lotions, hair care products, color cosmetics. Country of Origin: USA Raw material source: The original amino acid proline is obtained mainly from fruits and coconut oil. Manufacture: A fermentation process of sugars and starches is then used in order to create Sodium PCA from proline. Animal Testing: Not animal tested GMO: GMO-free but not certified Vegan: Does not contain any animal-derived components SODIUM PCA SODIUM PCA is classified as : Antistatic Hair conditioning Humectant Skin conditioning CAS Number 28874-51-3 EINECS/ELINCS No: 249-277-1 COSING REF No: 79910 Chem/IUPAC Name: Sodium PCA 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylate Sodium PCA is the sodium PCA salt of pyroglutamic acid (also known as Sodium PCA). Sodium PCA is a naturally occurring component of human skin and a part of the "natural moisturizing factors" (NMF) that maintain a healthy epidermis. Sodium PCA is very hygroscopic, attracting moisture from the air. It imparts a moist feeling to hair and skin. Sodium PCA applied to the skin is absorbed to a limited extent. It is non-comedogenic, nonirritating to the eye and skin -- even at concentrations up to 50%, and does not contribute to phototoxicity or sensitization. It is rapidly biodegradable. Soluble in water and ethanol and insoluble in oils, it is used for its powerful humectant properties in many skin and hair care products including gels, creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, lipsticks and foundations. This Sodium PCA is sourced from all-natural, vegetable-based ingredients; it contains no animal-based ingredients of any kind. INCI: Sodium PCA INCI: Sodium PCA 50% pH-value 6,8-7,4% Dosage: 0,5 - 10% Sodium PCA is a kind of natural moisturizing factor(NMF). It becomes an important additive ingredient in skin-care and hair-care cosmetics in the recent years. It has stronger hydrating power than that of glycerin, sorbitol and propanediol. What is Sodium PCA? Jun 08, 2019 Sodium PCA levels in the skin are highest during childhood. As time progresses, these levels can drop significantly. Using skin care products containing Sodium PCA can help increase these levels as you age. Sodium PCA also contains antioxidants that fight free radicals that can age the skin. It also contains vitamins D and E, which can aid in skin rejuvenation. This powerful moisturizer is made from many herbs, but sodium PCA from each herb is used to do different things. For example, Sodium PCA from herbs and vegetables can be used as an emollient. When Sodium PCA is derived from coconut oil, it is used as an emulsifier. Sodium PCA found in cherry or seaweed can replenish moisture inside the skin. Sodium PCA can also be used in certain types of lotions that protect the skin from excessive sunlight. This ingredient not only draws moisture into the skin but can also help keep it in. This makes it best suited for all skincare products. When sodium PCA is used in soaps, it can help the skin in many ways. It works with the natural Sodium PCA found in the skin to create a healthier and renewed skin. Sodium PCA used in shampoos and conditioners helps to retain water in the hair shaft. It can also add shine and bounce to hair. When the hair is very dry, static can build up, causing difficult-to-manage, flying hair. Sodium PCA keeps enough moisture in the hair to eliminate frizzy and dry hair. In small quantities, the use of sodium PCA is not considered harmful. It is considered to be mildly toxic, but is sometimes used with nitrosamine, which is thought to be a toxin. There were no known skin or eye irritations associated with the use of Sodium PCA. Effects of lactic acid and sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid on the irritated skin reaction induced by sodium PCA lauryl sulphate patch testing of normal persons and atopic dermatitis patients Background: Natural moisturizing factors such as sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid and lactic acid may play an important role in increasing the moisture retention of isolated stratum corneum and reducing the incidence of dry and flaky skin in vivo. Although the precise mechanism of surfactant irritancy is not fully understood, it has been suggested that barrier dysfunction of stratum corneum by surfactants results in skin changes such as scaling, erythema, and even fissuring. Objective: We evaluated the effect of sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid(Na Sodium PCA) and lactic acid(LA) with several non-invasive measuring methods in the irritated skin reaction induced by sodium PCA lauryl sulphate (SLS) in normal persons and atopic dermatitis patients. Methods: After skin irritation for 24 hours with patch test of 1% SLS on five volar sites of right forearm, we applied nothing(A), 3% LA+3% Na Sodium PCA PCA(B), 3% LA(C), 3% Na Sodium PCA(D), and vehicle(E) twice a day respectively. Visual score, transepidermal water loss(TEWL), water holding capacity(WHC), and erythema index were measured at 30 min, 24hr, 48hr and 72hr after patch removal. Results: 1. After 72hr, the visual scores of B and C were significantly lower than that of A(control) in atopic dermatitis patients, and that of C in normal persons was significantly lower than that of A, D, and E. 2. TEWL values of B and C in both the normal (after 72hr) and atopic dermatitis group (after 48hr and 72hr) were significantly lower than that of A. 3. WHC values of B, C, D in both the normal and atopic dermatitis group were significantly higher than that of A after 48hr and 72hr. 4. After 72hr, erythema indices by Mexameter® of B, C, and D in both the normal and atopic dermatitis group were significantly lower than that of A and values of C were significantly lower than that of E. In the atopic dermatitis group, values of D were also significantly lower than that of E. 5. The mean visual score was significantly correlated with TEWL value and erythema index of Mexameter (r=0.58, r=0.64) and the TEWL value was significantly correlated with erythema index of Mexameter® (r=0.64). Conclusion: These results suggest that topical application of a moisturizing factor might improve the surfactant-induced disruption of permeability barrier with improvement of the water holding capacity of the stratum corneum. Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid As Moisturizing Agent Abstract: Sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid is the sodium PCA salts of 2 pyrrolidone 5 carboxylate, It is one of the major Natural Moisturing factor (NMF) found in human skin. It is documented that sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (Na- Sodium PCA) is used in hair care & skin care products with great effectivity as it is water extracting skin component. As Na- Sodium PCA is the Natural Moisturizing Agent, it gives suppleness, humectancy & moisturizing property .It is being water soluble,therefore an oil in water (O/W) cream base decided to develop. Three formulae were developed in laboratory incorporating 2.5% & 5% of Na- Sodium PCA &7.5% glycerine. Three cream prepared were further studied for its stability with reference to effect of temp.i.e. at Room Temp.- 24-280c,at oven 500c, & at refrigerator 900c, change in colour, odour, pH, globules size & viscosity.It was further decided to study the performance evaluation. Key Words: Na- Sodium PCA, NMF, Moisturizing Agent. 1. Introduction: By Kligman, “Moisturizer is defined as a topically applied substance or product that overcomes the signs& symptoms of dry skin”. Idson defined as ,”a Moisturizer,a substance that can favourably affect the feeling of dry skin ,by influencing the water content of stratum corneum” 1 . The approach to restoring water to dry skin has taken three different routes. 1.Occulsion 2.Humectancy 3.Restoration of deficient materials which may be combined. The first approach,occlusion consists in reducing the rate of transepidermal water loss through old or damaged skin or in protecting otherwise healthy skin from the effect of a severely drying environment. The second approach to the moisturizing problem is the use of humectants to attract water from the atmosphere, so supplementing the skin’s water content. The third & perhaps the most valuable approach to moisturization of skin is to determine the precise mechanism of the natural moisturization process to assess what has gone wrong with it in the case of dry skin & to replace any materials in which such research has shown damaged skin to be deficient2 . Moisturizer’s often contain lipids & humectants of low molecular weight, humectants such as urea ,glycerine, lactic acid, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (Sodium PCA) and salts are absorb into the stratum cornium and their by attracting water, increase hydration3 1.1 Natural Moisturizing Factor(NMF) “A Group of water soluble hydrophilic substances known as the natural moisturizing factor (NMF)4 . Analysis of water soluble component of stratum cornium have indicated the presence of amino –acid lactic acid ,sugar and pyrolidone carboxylic acid.The latter material is found in relatively large concentration in cornified skin.It has recently been shown that salts of this material are extremely ,hygroscopic, dissolving in their own water of hydrations. At pH of stratum corneum (pH5) pyrolidone carboxylic acid exists almost exclusively in the salt form. There result suggest that this material may represent one of the important natural Moisturizing agent for skin5 . Laden and spitzer proved that significant quantities of Na-2-pyrrolidone -5 carboxylate exist in the stratum.This compound is now commercially available for use in cosmetics6 . 1.2 Composition of NMF Amino acids 40% Sodium PCA(Pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) 12% Lactates 12% Urea 7% NH3,Uric acid, glucosamine, creatinine 1.5% Citrates 0.5% Na 5%, k 4%, Ca 1.5 %, Mg 1.5% , Po4 0.5% 18.5 % Sucrore, Organic acid, Peptides, Other aterials 8.5% 1.3 Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid(Sodium PCA) ;(C5H7N03) Molecular wt 129.11 7 1.4 Sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (NA- Sodium PCA);(C5H6NNa03) Molecular wt 151.1 8 Na- Sodium PCA is one of the major natural moisturizing factors(NME) found in human skin. It is the sodium PCA salts of 2 Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate(Na- Sodium PCA) is manufactured by dehydration of glutanic acid and forms as odourless solid. Sodium PCA -2 Pyrrolidone-5-Carboxylate has been Patented as a humactant at concentration of 2 % or higher. Water absorption ability of Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylate9 Compound %Moisture intake(31%RH) %Moisture intake(58%RH) Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid <1 <1 Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid 20 61 Glycerine 13 35 1.5 Uses of Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylate in Cosmetics 10 1) Sodium PCA -2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylate is an important humectants component of NMF. 2) It is used in moisturizing dry flacky skin. 3) It demonstrates excellent hygroscopc & humectants effect & these properties have been achieved with a salt form. 4) Skin & hair care products,suncare,make-up,product are among the major application for Na- Sodium PCA. 5) It moisturizes &protects skin from wind,cold. S.Bhise/Int.J.ChemTech Res.2013,5(4) 1450 2. Materials & Methods Three O/W formulation were developed in laboratory incorporating glycerine & sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylic acid(Na- Sodium PCA). 2.1 Formulation Notation A- Base formulation with 7.5% glycerine. B- Formulation with 2.5% Na- Sodium PCA. C- Formulation with 5.0% Na- Sodium PCA. 2.2 Stability study for Finished Product. All the three samples prepared were subjected to accelerated test conditions & were kept at room temp 24-28 0c,in oven at 50 0c & in refrigerator at 5-8 0c. Stability studies were carried out by accelerated stability test for 40 days. 2.3 Performance Evaluation Ten volunteers were persuaded & then selected. Two cream samples were given to each volunteer one is control i.e. sample- A (7.5% glycerine)& other is sample-C(5% Na- Sodium PCA).Cream was applied twice a day on 3 cm.area of forehand.Sample A on right forehand &sample C on left forehand. sked to see & compaire the effect of sample A & C after two hours upto 30 days. 3. Results & Discussion 1) Result of colour change indicate that at room temp.& at 50 0c the degree of colour change was inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium PCA, on refrigeration there was no change in colour Summary The medical and biological literature was reviewed with stress laid on the role of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (Sodium PCA) and its sodium PCA salt (Na Sodium PCA) in skin, its metabolism, its functions. The paper also includes a summary of 8 years of evaluation work carried out in our Laboratory on creams and lotions containing Sodium PCA-Na Sodium PCA which were assessed by biophysical (impedance measurement, alpha relaxation) and clinical methods. It is now definitely demonstrated that Sodium PCA is an hydrating agent and that all the cosmetic preparations containing at least 2% of the Sodium PCA-Na Sodium PCA salt system improve the condition of dry skin at short or long term provided an adequate vehicle is used (e.g. aqueous solutions are ineffective). The mecanism of action is discussed with reference to metabolism and physiological role of Sodium PCA in stratum corneum. Pyroglutamic acid (also known as Sodium PCA, 5-oxoproline, pidolic acid, or pyroglutamate for its basic form) exists as two distinct enantiomers: (2R) or D and (2S) or L. L-form is a metabolite in the glutathione cycle that is converted to glutamate by 5-oxoprolinase. L-Pyroglutamic acid is produced in the skin through the arginine-citrulline-ornitine-glutamic pathway. The free acid is not hygroscopic; however, the sodium PCA salts of this acid are more hygroscopic than glycerine. Therefore, formulation of this acid is suggested as a defense against dehydration, for skin conditions involving desquamation. Hydromol Cream (main component of that is sodium PCA pyrrolidone carboxylate (L form)) is a soft cream which moisturises the skin. Hydromol Cream contains a naturally occurring moisturising agent as well as oils, which prevent moisture loss from the skin. This helps to relieve itch, lubricate and soften the skin. Hydromol Cream is used to treat any condition in which dry skin is a feature such as eczema, ichthyosis (hereditary dry skin) and senile pruritus (itching that may occur in old age). L-Pyroglutamic acid is present in living cells has been reported from archaebacteria to humans, and its occurrence in living cells has been known for over a century. Despite its almost ubiquitous presence, the role of pyroglutamic acid in living cells is poorly understood. Pyroglutamic acid is found as an N-terminal modification in many neuronal peptides and hormones that also include the accumulating peptides in Alzheimer’s disease and familial dementia. The modification is also observed in proteins that include many antibodies, some enzymes and structural proteins. yrrolidone carboxylic acid (Sodium PCA), the primary constituent of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF),1 including its derivatives – such as simple2 and novel3 esters as well as sugar complexes4 – is the subject of great interest and research regarding its capacity to moisturize the stratum corneum via topical application. Creams and lotions containing the sodium PCA salt of Sodium PCA are widely reported to aid in hydrating the skin and ameliorating dry flaky skin conditions.5,6 In addition, the zinc salt of L-pyrrolidone carboxylate is a longtime cosmetic ingredient due to antimicrobial and astringent qualities. This column briefly addresses the role of Sodium PCA in skin health.7 Dry skin In a comprehensive literature review from 1981, Clar and Fourtanier reported conclusive evidence that Sodium PCA acts as a hydrating agent and that all the cosmetic formulations with a minimum of 2% Sodium PCA and Sodium PCA salt that they tested in their own 8-year study enhanced dry skin in short- and long-term conditions given suitable vehicles (no aqueous solutions).6 In a 2014 clinical study of 64 healthy white women with either normal or cosmetic dry skin, Feng et al. noted that tape stripped samples of stratum corneum revealed significantly lower ratios of free amino acids to protein and Sodium PCA to protein. This was associated with decreased hydration levels compared with normal skin. The investigators concluded that lower NMF levels across the depth of the stratum corneum and reduced cohesivity characterize cosmetic dry skin and that these clinical endpoints merit attention in evaluating the usefulness of treatments for dry skin.8 In 2016, Wei et al. reported on their assessment of the barrier function, hydration, and dryness of the lower leg skin of 25 female patients during the winter and then in the subsequent summer. They found that Sodium PCA levels were significantly greater during the summer, as were keratins. Hydration was also higher during the summer, while transepidermal water loss and visual dryness grades were substantially lower.9 Atopic dermatitis A 2014 clinical study by Brandt et al. in patients with skin prone to developing atopic dermatitis (AD) revealed that a body wash composed of the filaggrin metabolites arginine and Sodium PCA was well tolerated and diminished pruritus. Patients reported liking the product and suggested that it improved their quality of life.10 Later that year, Jung et al. characterized the relationship of Sodium PCA levels, and other factors, with the clinical severity of AD. Specifically, in a study of 73 subjects (21 with mild AD, 21 with moderate to severe AD, 13 with X-linked ichthyosis as a negative control for filaggrin gene mutation, and 18 healthy controls), the investigators assessed transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH. They found that Sodium PCA levels and caspase-14 were lower in inflammatory lesions compared with nonlesional skin in subjects with AD. These levels also were associated with clinical AD severity as measured by eczema area and severity index scores as well as skin barrier function.11 Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid CAS No.: 28874-51-3 EINECS.: 249-277-1 Moisturizer agent Appearance: Light yellow liquid Sodium PCA Pyrrolidone Carboxylic Acid, Sodium Pca QUICK LINKS Alkyl Polyglucosides Amino Acid Surfactants Cosmetic Additives Glyphosate surfactant Quick Details CAS No.: 28874-51-3 Other Names: Sodium Pca, Sodium L-pyroglutamate Appearance: Pale yellow lyophilized mass Description Sodium PCA is a kind of natural moisturizing factor. It becomes an important additive ingredient in skin-care and hair-care cosmetics in recent years. The stronger hydrating is power than that of glycerin, sorbitol and propanediol and non-poisonous, non-irritant, and non-allergic. Mainly used in cream cosmetics, solutions, shampoo, etc., but also in place of glycerin for toothpaste, ointment drugs, tobacco, leather, coatings for wetting agents, and chemical fiber dyeing auxiliaries, softeners, antistatic agent, Is also biochemical reagents. Cosmetic insulation agent Sodium PCA Department of natural moisturizing factor is one of the important ingredients, high moisture absorption, and non-toxic, non-stimulating, good stability, is the modern skincare ideal natural make-up health care products, can skin and hair with wetting, Softness, elasticity, and gloss, and antistatic property. Skin whitening agent Sodium PCA is an excellent skin whitening agent, the inhibition of tyrosine oxidase activity can prevent the "melanoid" in the skin deposition so that the skin white. Horny softening agent Sodium PCA can do keratin softening agent, the skin "psoriasis" have a good therapeutic effect. It is mainly used in cream cosmetics, solutions, shampoo, etc., also used in glycerin for toothpaste, ointment drugs, tobacco, leather, paint as wetting agents, and chemical fiber dyeing auxiliaries, softeners, Anti-static agent, is also biochemical reagents. Recommendatory volumes of usage in creams:2%~8% Recommendatory volumes of usage in creams:1%~3% Specification

SODIUM P-CUMENESULPHONATE; N° CAS : 15763-76-5; Nom INCI : SODIUM P-CUMENESULPHONATE; Sodium cumenesulphonate; 15763-76-5 [RN]; 239-854-6 [EINECS]; 4-Isopropylbenzènesulfonate de sodium [French] ; Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1) ; Natrium-4-isopropylbenzolsulfonat [German] ; Sodium 4-isopropylbenzenesulfonate ; SODIUM P-CUMENESULFONATE; 4-(1-Methylethyl)benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt; Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt; CUMENESULFONICACIDSODIUMSALT ;EINECS 239-854-6; MFCD00137274; p-Cumenesulfonic acid sodium salt; SODIUM 4-(PROPAN-2-YL)BENZENE-1-SULFONATE; sodium 4-(propan-2-yl)benzenesulfonate; Sodium 4-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium cumenesulfonate; sodium p-cumenesulphonate; Sodium4-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; sodiumcumenesulfonate; Sodium p-cumenesulphonate; EC Inventory, ; CAS names; Benzenesulfonic acid, 4-(1-methylethyl)-, sodium salt (1:1). IUPAC names; sodium 4-(propan-2-yl)benzene-1-sulfonate ; sodium 4-isopropylbenzenesulfonate ; Sodium 4-isopropylbenzenesulphonatesodium 4-propan-2-ylbenzenesulfonate; Sodium Cumenesulfonate; sodium cumenesulphonate. Trade names; Na-Cumolsulfonat; Na-Cumosulfonat; Sodium cumene sulfonate